杭州市绿地中常见园林树种果实引鸟特征研究  

Preference of birds to fruit characteristics of common landscaping trees in campus green spaces in Hangzhou

作　　者：金秋爽 朱浩 王爽 李坤 陈曦 赵宏波[2] 叶可陌 JIN Qiushuang;ZHU Hao;WANG Shuang;LI Kun;CHEN Xi;ZHAO Hongbo;YE Kemo(Greentown Real Estate Group Company Ltd.,Hangzhou 310063,Zhejiang,China;College of Landscape and Architecture,Zhejiang A&F University,Hangzhou 311300,Zhejiang,China)

机构地区：[1]绿城房地产集团有限公司,浙江杭州310063 [2]浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院,浙江杭州311300

出　　处：《浙江农林大学学报》2022年第6期1359-1368,共10页Journal of Zhejiang A&F University

基　　金：浙江农林大学科研发展基金项目(2020FR034)。

摘　　要：【目的】分析果实特性,探究鸟类取食行为与秋冬季食源树种果实特性的相关性,为城市引鸟植物景观营建和生物多样性规划提供理论支撑。【方法】定点定时对鸟类取食行为进行周期性观测记录,根据前期观测结果,选择鸟类最为喜好的10种常见园林树种,拍照记录其果实所处的环境和果实形态变化,检测被取食期间果实的可滴定酸、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白的质量分数,并进行相关性分析。【结果】果实所处植物空间可分为3类:(1)常绿且枝硬舒展,区分明显内外空间;(2)常绿且枝软密集,稍区分内外空间等;(3)落叶且枝硬舒展,不区分内外空间。果实所处植物空间特征的安全隐蔽性和起落便捷性会直接影响鸟类是否倾向于取食该果实,同时果实空间环境的内部特点会影响鸟类取食该果实的方式,针对枝软且复杂逼仄的环境,体形较大的鸟类例如领雀嘴鹎Spizixos semitorques等会选择停留于植物顶部取食,体形较小的鸟类例如大山雀Parus major等会选择进入植物内部取食。果实的形态变化特征可分为2类:(1)果实形态在果熟后60 d内基本不变;(2)果实形态在果熟后60 d内随时间增加而逐渐枯萎。其果实挂果状态会影响鸟类的取食倾向,新鲜饱满的果实对鸟类更具吸引力,挂果状态保持较差的树种如垂丝海棠Malus halliana等只在果实成熟的早期阶段被白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis取食,挂果状态保持良好的树种如樟树Cinnamomum camphora等则被白头鹎和乌鸫Turdus merula长期持续取食。果实的内含物会影响鸟类的取食倾向,含糖量高的果实更易吸引白头鹎和乌鸫,白头鹎更倾向于酸质量分数较高的果实而乌鸫更倾向于蛋白质质量分数较高的果实。【结论】为了提升城市绿地中的鸟类多样性,应保证食源树种种植位置的隐蔽性,重点选择具有较好挂果状态保持能力和较高含糖量的常绿高大乔木[Objective] Analyzing the fruit characteristics and investigating the correlation between bird feeding behavior and fruit characteristics in autumn and winter aims to provide theoretical insights for urban birdattracting plant landscape construction and biodiversity planning. [Method] The periodic investigation of birds feeding behavior was carried out at three sites in the East Lake campus of Zhejiang A&F University. The spatial environments that fruits located in and the changes of fruit external morphology about 10 common landscaping tree species were recorded. The contents of fruits including titratable acid, soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein were gauged during the birds feeding period. [Result] The spatial environments that fruits located in could be divided into three categories:(1) evergreen trees that inner and outer space could be distinguished easily with hard and spreading branches;(2) evergreen trees that inner and outer space could be distinguished slightly with soft and dense branches;(3) deciduous trees that inner and outer space could not be distinguished with hard and spreading branches. The security and concealment of spatial environments that fruits located in and the convenience for bird landing and taking-off would directly affect the tendency of bird feeding, and the internal characteristics of spatial environment would affect approaches of bird feeding. When it came soft branches and complex spatial environment, larger birds such as Spizixos semitorques chose to feed on the top of plants, while smaller birds such as Parus major chose to feed inside. Fruits’ external morphological characteristic could be divided into two categories:(1) the fruits with unchanged external morphology within 60days;(2) the fruits that external morphology gradually withered as time flowed within 60 days. Fruit hanging status affected the feeding tendency of birds as fresh and plump fruits were more attractive to birds. Fruits that were poorly maintained, such as Malus halliana, were only eaten by Pycnon

关 键 词：园林树种 鸟类取食 植物空间 果实形态 果实含糖量 

分 类 号：S731.2[农业科学—林学] Q959.7[生物学—动物学]