关于《管子》城市规划思想的几个问题  

Some Questions Concerning City Construction Idea in Guanzi

作　　者：臧公秀 ZANG Gong-xiu

机构地区：[1]苏州大学金螳螂建筑学院,江苏苏州215123

出　　处：《江苏师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第6期71-83,I0001,共14页Journal of Jiangsu Normal University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“秦汉农民身份演变的历史考察”(项目编号15AZS008)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从先秦城市发展的一般规律和历史实践层面考察,《管子》虽然成书于众人之手,其城市规划思想则有着鲜明的理论体系,着眼于地理环境,立足于自然资源与城市社会生产生活,与先秦城市发展道路相一致,既是齐国城市建设的历史总结和理论指导,也是原生型城市的理论概括,具有普遍意义,并非学者认为的是《周礼·考工记·匠人营国》礼制型城市瓦解之后的次生型城市的规划理论。《匠人营国》城市规划是王权独尊观念的建筑体现,而非城市发展的实践总结,不具有城市建设的普遍性。《管子》的以山为依托、以水为保障、以土地质量为基础的自然资源与人口相统一思想,人地相称、城乡一体的规划和建设理论,以及“三其国而伍其鄙”为制度框架的空间设计,四民分立,各专其业,植根于商周以来的国家形态和社会结构,是国家控制社会、国家和社会一体的空间表达。在保障国民安全的前提下,实现人口与土地的有效结合,实现保民强国目的,体现了国家力量在城市空间生产过程中的主导作用,从源头上揭示了我国古代国家力量与社会发展的关系;以什伍连坐的方式将居民的生产与生活规制在国家设定的范围之内,实现国家利益最大化,体现了古代城市的一般本质。From the general law and historical practice of pre-Qin city development,City Construction Ideas in Guanzi,a work by public authors,had a distinct theoretical system.It focused on the geographical environment,based on the natural resources and urban social production and living,consistent with the pre-Qin urban development.It was the historical summary and theoretical guidance of the city construction of Qi.As theoretical summary of the native city,it had universal significance,not being aplanning theory of secondary cities after the collapse of ritual system city described in Jiangrenyingguo,as some scholars think.The Urban planning of Jiangrenyingguo is the embodiment of the concept of royal supremacy in the construction field,rather than the practical summary of urban development,and does not have the universality of urban construction.The ideas in Guanzi initiated unifying natural resources and population based on mountains,water as guarantee and based on land quality,expounded planning and construction theory of people-land match and urban-rural integration,as well as space design with"san qi guo er wu qi bi"as the institutional framework,by which people were separated based on careers and each specialized in its own field.It was rooted in the national form and social structure since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and was the spatial expression of both"state controlling society"and"state-society integration".On the premise of ensuring national safety,the effective combination of population and land is realized to achieve the purpose of protecting the people and strengthening the country,which reflects the leading role of national power in the process of urban construction,and reveals from the source the relationship between ancient state power and social development.In the way of"shi wu lian zuo",the production and life of residents were limited to the scope set by the state to maximize the national interests,which reflects the general nature of ancient cities.

关 键 词：《管子》 城市规划 人地相称 城乡一体 

分 类 号：K231[历史地理—历史学]