明清时期“天下总图”中投影地图的临摹与绘制  

Study on the Types of Projections in the“General Map of the World”during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：张佳静 ZHANG Jiajing(School of Humanities,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院大学人文学院,北京100049

出　　处：《自然科学史研究》2022年第3期322-340,共19页Studies in The History of Natural Sciences

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(项目编号:Y954029XX2)。

摘　　要：西方的地图投影方法最早于明末由利玛窦介绍到中国。本文以利玛窦以来至清末中国的“天下总图”为研究对象,对这些地图上的经纬网进行分析和量算,判定它们的地图投影类型,主要有:伪圆柱投影中的椭圆投影、方位投影中的正轴方位投影和横轴球面投影、伪圆柱投影中的桑逊投影、多圆锥投影中的球状投影、圆柱投影中的墨卡托投影、圆锥投影中的正轴切圆锥投影、伪圆锥投影中的彭纳投影。从明末至清末,中国地图投影的发展可分为两个阶段,一是明末到清中叶的临摹时期,投影地图主要由西方传教士所绘,或国人临摹西方地图而制;二是晚清的启悟时期,大部分地图仍临摹自西方地图中的投影,但也有个别国人开始参照西方地图投影方法绘制地图,同时有多部著作开始介绍地图投影理论和绘制方法。与西方地图相比,明末至清末中国地图上投影类型较为单一,但使用合理,采用投影的地图使用了较为恰当的投影类型来展示图中的地理信息;投影方法以几何透视法为主,数学分析法使用较少,出现较晚,地图投影的发展完全依赖于西方地图投影学的发展。In the late Ming period,Matteo Ricci introduced western map projections into China.Focusing on versions of the“General Map of the World”from Matteo Ricci s arrival to the late Qing dynasty,this paper analyzes their latitude and longitude graticules,and determines the types of map projections used,which mainly include:oval projection of pseudo-cylindrical projection,axial azimuthal projection,stereographic projection of horizontal azimuthal projection,globular projection of polyconic projection,Mercator projection of cylindrical projection,Sanson projection of pseudo-cylindrical projection,conic projection,and Bonne projection of Pseudo-conic projection.From the late Ming to late Qing,the development of map projections in China went through two stages:one was the copying stage,from the late Ming to the middle Qing,during which maps were mostly drawn by Western missionaries,or copied from Western maps by Chinese;the other was the enlightenment stage in the late Qing,when some map-makers in China interpreted or transcribed map projections referring to Western maps,and many books began to introduce the theory and method of map projection.Compared with Western map projection development,those of China in this period were smaller in number but suitable,mostly used geometric perspective,and were completely dependent on the development of Western map projections.

关 键 词：地图投影 天下总图 世界地图 中国地图 西学东渐 知识传播 地图学史 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]