减施氮肥与添加秸秆对设施黄瓜-茄子轮作土壤硝态氮累积与淋失的影响  

Effects of nitrogen reduction and straw addition on soil nitrate accumulation and leaching loss in facility cucumber-eggplant rotation

作　　者：刘晓彤[1] 吴涛 赵营[1] 罗健航[1] 王海廷 张学军[1] LIU Xiao-tong;WU Tao;ZHAO Ying;LUO Jian-hang;WANG Hai-ting;ZHANG Xue-jun(Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science,Yinchuan Ningxia 750002;Qingtongxia Agricultural Technology and Agricultural Mechanization Extension Service Center,Qingtongxia Ningxia 751600;Agricultural College of Ningxia University,Yinchuan Ningxia 750021)

机构地区：[1]宁夏农林科学院农业资源与环境研究所,宁夏银川750002 [2]青铜峡市农业技术与农机化推广服务中心,宁夏青铜峡751600 [3]宁夏大学农学院,宁夏银川750021

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第10期28-33,共6页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC03449);农业农村部全国农田氮磷流失监测项目(13220029);宁夏青年托举人才项目;宁夏自然科学基金项目(2020AAC03304)。

摘　　要：针对设施蔬菜土壤硝态氮累积与淋失严重的问题,以宁夏引黄灌区设施黄瓜-茄子为供试作物,研究减施氮肥与添加秸秆对设施菜田硝态氮累积与淋失的影响。采用田间试验、取样、室内分析与生物统计的方法,设置农民常规施肥(CON)、氮肥减量28%(RF)和氮肥减量39%+秸秆添加(BMP)3个处理,开展不同氮肥管理措施对设施黄瓜-茄子种植体系土壤硝态氮累积与淋失的影响。结果表明,与CON相比,RF和BMP处理能有效降低0~120 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量,2016年黄瓜、2017年茄子和2018年茄子季土体硝态氮储量分别降低2.2%~9.4%、3.9%~6.1%和5.2%~12.8%,相应的硝态氮淋失量分别降低了55.6%~69.7%、59.4%~74.8%和35.4%~48.9%。BMP与RF处理相比,分别降低了2.3%~8.1%的硝态氮储量和20.9%~38.1%的硝态氮淋失量。土体硝态氮储量与淋失量呈显著正相关(R2=0.6973)。因此,在宁夏引黄灌区设施菜田农民习惯施肥的基础上,采用氮肥减施结合秸秆添加(BMP),即黄瓜氮肥减施39%,氮肥纯养分量为275 kg/hm^(2),配合添加玉米秸秆30.0 t/hm^(2),茄子氮肥减施39%,氮肥纯养分量为319 kg/hm^(2),配合添加玉米秸秆30.0 t/hm^(2),在获得高产的同时能降低土壤硝态氮累积和淋失,降低农田土壤面源污染风险,并提高经济效益,值得在宁夏引黄灌区设施菜田大面积推广应用。Aiming at the serious problem of soil nitrate accumulation and leaching loss of facility vegetables,the effects of nitrogen reduction and straw addition on nitrate accumulation and leaching loss of facility vegetables were studied by using cucumber and eggplant as experimental crops in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area.Field experiment,sampling,laboratory analysis and biostatistics were used to investigate the effects of different nitrogen management measures on soil nitrate accumulation and leaching loss in facility cucumber and eggplant cropping system by setting three treatments:farmer conventional fertilization(CON),28%nitrogen reduction(RF)and 39%nitrogen reduction+straw addition(BMP).The results showed that compared with CON,RF and BMP treatments effectively reduced the nitrate accumulation in 0~120 cm layer soil,and the nitrate accumulation in cucumber in 2016,eggplant in 2017 and eggplant 2018 were reduced by 2.2%~9.4%,3.9%~6.1%and 5.2%~12.8%,respectively.The nitrate loss decreased by 55.6%~69.7%,59.4%~74.8%and 35.4%~48.9%,respectively.Compared with RF treatment,BMP reduced nitrate accumulation by 2.3%~8.1%and leaching loss by 20.9%~38.1%,respectively.There was a significantly positive correlation between nitrate accumulation and leaching loss(R2=0.6973).Therefore,on the basis of the customary fertilization of farmers in the vegetable field of Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area,nitrogen reduction combined with straw addition(BMP)was adopted,i.e.,39%nitrogen reduction for cucumber and its pure nitrogen content was 275 kg/hm^(2) combined with 30.0 t/hm^(2) corn straw,39%nitrogen reduction for eggplant and its pure nitrogen content was 319 kg/hm^(2).With the addition of 30.0 t/hm^(2) corn straw,the high yield could be obtained,the soil nitrate accumulation and leaching loss could be reduced,the risk of non-point source pollution of farmland soil could be reduced,and the economic benefit could be improved.Therefore,it is worth to be widely applied in the vegetable field of Ningxia Yellow River irrigation

关 键 词：氮肥减量 秸秆添加 设施菜田 硝态氮 累积 淋失 

分 类 号：S642.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S641.1[农业科学—园艺学] S626