论损益相抵规则  

On the Rule of Offset of Profit and Loss(Vorteilausgleichung)

作　　者：崔建远[1] Cui Jianyuan

机构地区：[1]清华大学,北京100871

出　　处：《法学杂志》2022年第6期13-26,共14页Law Science Magazine

摘　　要：损益相抵,属于赔偿责任的范围确定问题,而不是两个债权的相互抵销,因此不适用债的抵销规则,有着自己独特的法则。它是确定受害人因相对人违约而遭受的“净损失”的规则,是计算债权人所受“真实损失”的法则,而不是减轻违约方本应承担责任的规则。损益相抵规则以禁止得利为法理依据,凡因同一损害原因受有损害并受有利益者,则所谓损害仅存在于损害与利益二者间的差额。损益相抵的发生,需要受害人因同一损害事实受有利益。为合理限制应予相抵的利益,受利益与损害事实尚需存在相当因果关系,即具有通常可能性,以排除偶然发生的利益。具体的决定标准则为规范意旨,也就是损益相抵必须符合法律的规范意旨、必须不使加害人不当地免负赔偿责任、对受害人须可期待。哪些利益可以在损害赔偿时予以扣除,情形复杂,具体的依据不同,宜具体情况具体分析。The offsetting of profits and losses belongs to the determination of the scope of compensation liability,not the mutual offset of two claims.Therefore,it does not apply the rules of set-off,but has its own unique rules.Vorteilausgleichung is to determine the“net loss”suffered by the victim due to the default of the counterparty,and is a rule for calculating the“true loss”suffered by the creditor,not a rule for reducing the liability of the defaulting party.Vorteilausgleichung is based on the prohibition of unjust profit from remedies.For those who are damaged by the same cause of damage and gain benefits at the same time,the so-called damage only exists in the difference between the damage and the benefit.The occurrence of Vorteilausgleichung requires the victim to obtain benefits due to the same fact of damage.In order to reasonably limit the benefits that should be offset,there are also needs to be a considerable causal relationship between the benefits and the fact of the damage,that is,there is a usual possibility,in order to exclude the accidental benefits.The specific decision standard is the normative intent,that is,the balance of profits and losses must conform to the normative intent of the law,the infringer must not be unduly exempted from the responsibility for compensation,and the victim must be expected.Exactly which benefits can be deducted in compensation for damages is complicated and should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis.

关 键 词：损益相抵 净损失 因果关系 规范目的论 禁止得利 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]