由传统数据库保护反思新型“数据财产权”  

Rethinking on New“Data Property”from the Perspective of Traditional Legal Protection of Databases

作　　者：张浩然 Zhang Haoran

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所,北京100720

出　　处：《法学杂志》2022年第6期152-170,共19页Law Science Magazine

基　　金：中国社会科学院青年科研启动项目“数据保护知识产权立法研究”(项目编号:2023YQNQD043)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：围绕数据财产利益保护路径,理论界存在财产权和行为法保护不同观点;财产权具体制度设计不明晰,导致保护路径探讨难以深入。数据库特别权利制度是对数据提供财产权保护的最早实践,参照此制度可确定“数据财产权”理想模型,即在数据生成、收集、加工中付出实质性投资,数据产生相当数量累积而具有实质性价值的,投资者有禁止他人对数据集合全部或实质性部分提取和再利用的权利。将“数据财产权”与反不正当竞争法保护对比,财产权保护优势在于可为数据投资提供全面保护,风险在于宽泛排他性权利会限制数据自由流动并造成垄断。在保护路径上,我国应适应数字经济发展的早期特点暂不设立“数据财产权”,继续通过反不正当竞争法保护数据财产利益。在保护制度完善中,可吸收财产权制度设计相关内容提升反不正当竞争法保护的确定性,禁止竞争者对他人付出实质性投资的数据集合不正当获取和利用,参考版权法的合理使用要素判断行为正当与否,对单一来源数据实施公平、合理、无歧视许可,构建起保护投资与数据共享的利益平衡框架。Regarding the protection approach of data property interests,there are different viewpoints from property right to behavioral regulation in theoretical discussion.However,how the data property right can be designed specifically has not been clear yet,which makes it difficult to choose the protection approach.The Sui Generis Right system of the EU Database Protection Directive is the earliest practice to provide property rights protection for non-innovative data,the ideal model of“Data Property”can be established based on that,when a substantial investment is made in the generation,collection,or processing of data,and the data has been accumulated in a considerable amount and has substantial value,the investor should have the right to prohibit others from extracting and re-utilize the whole or substantial part of the data set.Compared with the anti-unfair competition protection,the“Data Property”has advantages in sufficient protection for data investments,but the risks are that the broad exclusive right would restrict the free flow of data and create data monopolies.Regarding the protection approach issue,considering the characteristics in the early stage of digital economy,China should not rush to establish the new“data property”in the short run,but continue to protect the interests under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.In the improvement of the protection system,some features of the property system can be absorbed to enhance the legal certainty of the anti-unfair competition protection,which should prohibit the competitors from improperly acquiring and utilizing data sets that are collected with substantial investments,recognize and protect the fair use of data based on the fair use doctrine under copyright law,provide compulsory license for single-source data on fair,reasonable,and non-discriminatory conditions,to establish a balanced framework between the interests of data protection and sharing.

关 键 词：大数据 数据财产权 数据库特别权利 反不正当竞争 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]