乡村治理及其转型:基于人情关系维度的考察  

Rural Governance and Its Transformation:An Investigation Based on the Dimension of Human Relations

作　　者：罗必良 耿鹏鹏 LUO Biliang;GENG Pengpeng

机构地区：[1]华南农业大学国家农业制度与发展研究院,广州510642 [2]安徽农业大学经济管理学院,合肥230036

出　　处：《农业经济问题》2022年第10期4-18,共15页Issues in Agricultural Economy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目“乡村振兴战略实施中政府与市场的关系及其协调研究”(编号:71933004)。

摘　　要：中国农村历来是一个“有序”且“非正式制度化”的乡土社会。人情关系内生于村落血缘、地缘、亲情所维系的熟人差序格局之中,并构筑村社感情、人际交往与利益交换所遵循的有序社会规范。传统农村的封闭性、外部机会的有限性、农事活动的高风险与低保障性,决定了人情从本质上表达为基于感情维系的风险防范机制和基于“付出—回馈”村庄秩序的公共隐性契约。但传统人情社会中秩序的建立、运转皆与现代社会不相匹配。尤其是,随着社会经济形态的转变与开放,农村人口流动的可能性较高;国家扶贫的兜底机制、多样化的社会保障机制、非农就业的流动机制等均诱发了传统秩序的撕裂与解体。本文以人情关系的现代转型为分析线索,揭示中国农村从传统人情社会的感情参与,逐步转换为成本收益核算的选择性参与;从人情“隐性契约”过渡为现代契约;从人情交易、村社道德转变为市场化交易、契约道德的历史嬗变。本文强调,农村人情关系由“依存性”向“竞争性”的转变,正在推进乡村治理的深刻转型。由此,建立有效匹配现代市场条件下的缔约机制和基于诚信、声誉的契约道德,是重塑人情关系及村庄治理秩序的重要线索。Rural China has always been an“orderly”and“uninstitutionalized”society.The human relationship is born from the acquaintances’differential order pattern maintained by blood,geography,and kinship in the village,and the order is based on community’s feelings,interpersonal communication and interest exchange.The characteristics of rural China,such as the closed nature,the limited external opportunities,and the high risks and low security of agricultural activities determine the public privacy“give-return”contract.However,the rural traditional human society contract are not in line with the modern society,especially with the transformation and opening of social and economic forms.The relaxing of rural-urban migration constrains;the alleviation of poverty,and the diversified social security,induced the tearing and disintegration of the traditional human society.Taking the modern transformation of human relations as an analytical clue,this paper reveals that the emotional participation in the traditional human relations society in rural China is gradually transformed into the selective participation of cost-benefit accounting;the transition from“implicit contracts”of human relations to modern contracts;Social morality is transformed into market-oriented transactions,and the historical evolution of contract morality.The article emphasizes that the transformation of rural human relations from“dependency”to“competitiveness”is promoting a profound transformation of rural governance.Therefore,establishing a contracting mechanism that effectively matches modern market conditions and a contract morality based on integrity and reputation is an important issue.An important clue to reshape human relations and village governance order.

关 键 词：中国村庄 人情关系 隐性契约 乡村治理转型 

分 类 号：D422.6[政治法律—政治学]