历史资料在领土争端解决中的证据效力  

Evidential Effect of Historical Documents in Territorial Dispute Settlement

作　　者：何田田[1,2] HE Tian-tian(Institute of International Law,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100720;Center for Maritime Law Research,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100720)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院国际法研究所,北京100720 [2]中国社会科学院海洋法治研究中心,北京100720

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第5期138-146,共9页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：中国社会科学院青年科研启动项目“全球环境治理下的国际法律问题研究”(2021YQNQD044)。

摘　　要：探讨领土争端的解决离不开事实或证据的观察视角。考察现有规则、理论和实践可发现,领土争端解决中与历史资料有关的证据规则尚存空白,国际性法庭也对历史资料的证据效力持较为谨慎的态度,尚未在其处理的案件中就此问题发表过明确意见。历史资料要成为有证明价值的证据,面临着完整性、真实性等挑战。国际性法庭在多年裁判实践中逐渐发展起“法律权源/有效控制”的分析路径,在这一路径下,能证明“法律权源”的历史资料将优先于能证明“有效控制”的历史资料的证据效力。要发挥历史资料作为证据的相关性、实质性和重要性,主张方需注重历史资料所反映的信息,结合所依据的实体法律规则和相应逻辑,发掘与增强历史资料与案件历史背景的相关性,多角度构建起不同历史证据对同一历史事实的协同影响力。传统领土取得理论和“法律权源/有效控制”分析路径均不是国际法上领土问题的“定则”,思考不同国家在不同时期的领土管理模式,或可对从历史角度看待证据效力问题有不一样的启示。We cannot formulate solutions to settle territorial disputes without examining historical facts or evidence. The observation of existing rules, theories and practices reveals that there are no rules regarding using historical documents as evidence in the settlement of territorial disputes. International courts are also cautious about the evidential effect of historical materials and have not yet explicitly expressed opinions on this issue in any of the cases they handle. Historical materials are challenged in terms of their completeness and authenticity when they are intended to be used as valuable evidence. Over years, international courts have developed a “legal title/effective control”approach, with which the historical materials proving legal title are put before those proving effective control in terms of evidential effect. To convincingly justify the historical materials are relevant, essential and important, the claimant needs to focus on the information reflected in the historical sources, and refer to the substantive rules and relevant logic, exploring and reiterating their connection to the historical context of the case, and combing through the combined impacts of various historical evidence on the same historical fact from different angles. Neither the conventional theory of territorial acquisition nor the analytical approach of “legal title/effective control” is the “settled law” for territorial issues in international law. Thinking about the territorial management models of different countries in different periods may shed a new light on the effect of evidence from a historical perspective.

关 键 词：历史资料 领土争端 证据 法律权源 有效控制 

分 类 号：D993[政治法律—国际法学]