有机肥配施氮肥对西北旱地冬小麦产量、品质及土壤生物学特性的影响  

Effects of manure combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and quality of winter wheat and soil biological characteristics in drylands of Northwest China

作　　者：马龙 王书停 史雷 张然 王楷 郑伟[1,2] 李紫燕 翟丙年[1,2] MA Long;WANG Shu-ting;SHI Lei;ZHANG Ran;WANG Kai;ZHENG Wei;LI Zi-yan;ZHAI Bing-nian(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi,China;College of Agriculture,Tarim University,Alaer 843300,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]塔里木大学农学院,新疆阿拉尔843300

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2022年第10期2718-2724,共7页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31772389);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200403);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD23B04);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124)资助。

摘　　要：在西北旱地冬小麦进行有机肥和化肥配施试验,共设5个处理,有机肥(牛粪,M)施用量30 t·hm^(-2),配以不同量的化学氮肥(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm^(-2),分别用M+N_(0)、M+N_(75)、M+N_(150)、M+N_(225)、M+N_(300)表示)。试验进行3年后,连续两年(2018、2019年)测定小麦产量、品质和土壤生物学特性。结果表明:有机肥配施氮肥小麦产量均显著高于单施有机肥的M+N_(0)处理;M+N_(150)、M+N_(225)和M+N_(300)3个处理产量均显著高于M+N_(75)处理,3个处理之间差异不显著。除淀粉含量外,有机肥配施氮肥小麦籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、延伸性均显著高于M+N_(0)处理,且M+N_(150)、M+N_(225)、M+N_(300)处理均显著高于M+N_(75)处理,但3个处理之间差异不显著。M+N_(150)处理两年的土壤微生物生物量碳氮均最高,显著高于M+N_(0)、M+N_(225)、M+N_(300)处理。2018年M+N_(150)处理β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均显著高于其他处理;2019年,除L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性外,M+N_(150)处理的其他酶活性均显著高于M+N_(0)和M+N_(225)处理。相关分析显示,MBC与MBN呈极显著正相关,MBC、MBN与CBH、NAG、AKP均呈显著正相关,MBN与TN呈显著正相关、与NO_(3)-呈显著负相关。综合考虑冬小麦产量、品质、土壤生物学特性等因素,M+N_(150)更有利于西北旱地麦田的可持续利用。We conducted an experiment with five treatments in winter wheat of the dryland of Northwest China,i.e.30 t·hm^(-2)cow dung(M)plus different doses of nitrogen fertilizer(0,75,150,225,and 300 kg N·hm^(-2)),denoted by M+N_(0),M+N_(75),M+N_(150),M+N_(225),and M+N_(300),respectively.After three years of treatment,wheat yield,grain quality,and soil biological characteristics were measured in two consecutive years(2018 and 2019).The results showed that the combination of manure with nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased wheat yield com-pared with the manure-only treatment(M+N_(0)).Compared with the manure-only treatment,the combined treat-ments significantly increased wheat grain protein content,wet gluten,sedimentation value,and extensibility,but not for starch content.Neither wheat yield nor grain quality had significant differences among the M+N_(150),M+N_(225),and M+N_(300) treatments,but both were prominently higher than those of M+N_(75).Soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC)and nitrogen(MBN)reached highest in M+N_(150)for both years,which were distinctly higher than those of M+N_(0),M+N_(225),and M+N_(300).In 2018,soilβ-1,4-glucosidase,cellobiohydrolase,L-leucine aminopeptidase,β-1,4-N-acetyl glucosaminidase,and alkaline phosphatase activities in M+N_(150)treatment were higher than those of other treatments.In 2019,soil enzyme activities(excluding L-leucine aminopeptidase)in M+N_(150)were higher than those of M+N_(0)and M+N_(225).MBC significantly positively correlated with MBN,and both significantly positively cor-related with the activities of cellobiohydrolase,β-1,4-N-acetyl glucosaminidase,and alkaline phosphatase.MBN significantly positively correlated with total nitrogen content and negatively correlated with NO_(3)^(-).Considering winter wheat yield,grain quality,and soil biological characteristics,M+N_(150)was conducive to sustainable production of winter wheat in drylands of Northwest China.

关 键 词：小麦 产量 品质 有机肥 氮肥 土壤酶活性 土壤微生物生物量. 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]