东北三江平原覆盖作物种植效果  

The planting effect of cover crop in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

作　　者：蔡丽君[1] 张敬涛[1] 盖志佳[1] 刘婧琦[1] 郭震华[2] 赵桂范[1] 孟庆英[1] CAI Li-jun;ZHANG Jing-tao;GAI Zhi-jia;LIU Jing-qi;GUO Zhen-hua;ZHAO Gui-fan;MENG Qing-ying(Jiamusi Branch,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sanjiang Plain Key Laboratory of Main Crops Breeding and Cultivation,Jiamusi 154007,Heilongjiang,China;Rice Research Institute,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jiamusi 154026,Heilongjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省农业科学院佳木斯分院/三江平原主要作物育种栽培重点实验室,黑龙江佳木斯154007 [2]黑龙江省农业科学院水稻研究所,黑龙江佳木斯154026

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2022年第10期2736-2742,共7页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1000903-04)资助。

摘　　要：以土壤紧实度、冬前生物量、根系性状、植株氮累积量等为指标对供试12种覆盖作物(豆科:紫花苜蓿、光叶苕子、毛叶苕子、红三叶、白三叶、箭筈豌豆;非豆科:苏丹草、青萝卜、Nitro radish、甘蓝型油菜、羽衣甘蓝、菊苣)在东北三江平原地区的种植效果及应用潜力进行综合评价。结果表明:12种覆盖作物在试验播期均能正常生长,不同覆盖作物与对照相比均有利于降低土壤紧实度,其中青萝卜、Nitro radish和苏丹草土壤紧实度下降最显著,分别较对照下降了47.1%、43.4%和33.4%;覆盖作物群体冬前鲜生物量为3.38~13.98 kg·m^(-2),干生物量为0.78~2.43 kg·m^(-2),非豆科覆盖作物的生物量显著高于豆科覆盖作物;覆盖作物的群体根系体积以萝卜、油菜、菊苣较大,尤其Nitro radish的根体积高达4018.5 cm^(3)·m^(-2),苏丹草的根系横向延展范围最宽;豆科覆盖作物的灰分含量显著低于非豆科覆盖作物,能提供更多易分解的有机物质;覆盖作物总氮积累量为18.72~53.09 g·m^(-2),其中,羽衣甘蓝和菊苣的氮积累量最高,且生物量相对较大,有利于氮的积累和固定。在三江平原地区根据主栽作物的类型与冠层结构,选择豆科的三叶草、苕子、紫花苜蓿和非豆科的萝卜、羽衣甘蓝、苏丹草作为覆盖作物进行行间或行内混播的种植方式,可以在调控土壤结构的同时促进养分循环,有利于三江平原黑土地力的提升。The planting effect and the planting potential of 12 cover crops(Leguminous:alfalfa,smooth vetch,hairy vetch,red clover,white clover,common vetch;non-leguminous:sudangrass,green radish,Nitro radish,rape,kale,endive)in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China were comprehensively evaluated by soil penetration resistance,pre-winter biomass,root characteristics,and plant nitrogen accumulation.The results showed that all the 12 cover crops grew normally during the experimental sowing period.Compared with the control,all the cover crops successfully reduced soil compactness.The planting of green radish,nitro radish,and sudangrass decreased soil penetration resistance by 47.1%,43.4%and 33.4%,respectively.The pre-winter total fresh biomass of cover crop populations was between 3.38 and 13.98 kg·m^(-2),and the total dry matter mass was between 0.78 and 2.43 kg·m^(-2).The biomass of non-leguminous cover crops was significantly higher than that of the leguminous cover crops.The group roots of radish,rape and endive had large volumes.In particular,the nitro radish roots had a vo-lume of 4018.5 cm^(3)·m^(-2),and the root system of sudangrass extended over the widest horizontal range.The ash content of leguminous cover crops was significantly lower than that of non-leguminous species,which could provide more organic matter with high decomposability.The total nitrogen accumulation of cover crops varied from 18.72 to 53.09 g·m^(-2).Kale and endive accumulated the highest amount of nitrogen and large biomass,which could facili-tate nitrogen fixation and accumulation.According to the type of main crops in Sanjiang Plain and canopy structure,planting leguminous(clover,vetch,and alfalfa)and non-leguminous(radish,kale and sudangrass)cover crops to plant inter-row or in a line mixed cropping pattern could regulate soil structure and promote nutrient cycing,with positive effects on the fertility of black soil in the Sanjiang Plain.

关 键 词：三江平原 覆盖作物 土壤紧实度 生物量 根系性状 氮累积量 

分 类 号：S344[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]