官盐定价的福利效应——以清中期河东盐区的终端盐价为例  

The Welfare Effect of Official Salt Pricing:Take the Terminal Salt Price of Hedong Salt Zone in the Qing Dynasty as an Example

作　　者：黄凯凯 朱苗 HUANG Kaikai;ZHU Miao

机构地区：[1]南昌大学人文学院历史系 [2]英国曼彻斯特大学

出　　处：《盐业史研究》2022年第4期50-61,共12页Salt Industry History Research

摘　　要：清代官盐运销市场中的政府定价机制,是遏制盐商过度抬高盐价的重要外部约束机制。康熙中叶以后,河东盐区终端盐价持续上涨,州县政府为实现“商民允协”的目标,采取较为灵活的定价政策加以调剂。乾隆初年,朝廷收州县定价之权于户部,僵化的部定盐价政策难以适应批发价、银钱比价波动的市场环境,盐商出现政策性亏损,皇帝先后允许“增价”四次亦未能扭转颓局。乾隆末年,朝廷被迫放弃管制盐价,改设“官牙”居中调节。嘉庆政府为满足财政需求又寓定价于加价之中,重蹈覆辙。清政府管制河东盐价的初衷是为施行“仁政”,但因管制价格不能反映实际成本,不利于社会资金投资盐业,对政府、盐商以及盐业生产者、消费者都造成巨大的福利损失。The government pricing mechanism in the salt trade market in the Qing Dynasty was an important external restraint mechanism to prevent salt merchants from raising salt prices.After the mid-Kangxi period,the terminal salt price in Hedong continued to rise,and the county government adopted a more flexible pricing policy in order to achieve the goal of benefiting both merchants and the people.In the early years of Qianlong’s reign,the imperial government transferred the pricing power of the county government to the Ministry of Revenue.The rigid pricing method made it difficult to adapt to the market environment of fluctuating wholesale prices and silver-copper cash ratios,and salt merchants suffered policy losses.The emperor allowed price increases four times but did not reverse the situation.At the end of Qianlong’s reign,the imperial government was forced to abandon direct control of salt prices and set up“Guanya”to regulate the price of salt.However,in order to meet financial needs,the Jiaqing government increased price again,repeating the same mistakes.The Qing government’s price control practice in Hedong was originally intended to implement“benevolent governance”.However,the controlled price cannot reflect the actual cost,which is not conducive to the entry of social funds into the salt industry,and it has caused huge welfare losses to the government,salt merchants,salt producers and consumers.

关 键 词：清代 盐价 定价 河东盐区 食盐贸易 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]