拜登对华半导体政策:竞争认知、遏制路径与效果制约  

Biden’s Semiconductor Policy towards China:Competitive Perceptions,the Containment Strategy and Constrained Effects

作　　者：戚凯 李燕[2] Qi Kai;Li Yan

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学全球化与全球问题研究所,北京100088 [2]辽宁大学国际经济政治学院,沈阳110136

出　　处：《国际论坛》2022年第6期64-83,158,共21页International Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“中美科技竞争背景下美国对华数字产业遏制动向及反制策略研究”(项目编号:22AGJ007)的支持成果。

摘　　要：大国权力,特别是经济权力突出表现为产业权力。历经约半个世纪的演变,美国的半导体产业权力受到了较大程度的影响,绝对霸主的地位出现了动摇。在信息科技迅猛发展叠加中美战略竞争态势加剧的时代大背景之下,半导体产业权力成为两国关系中的关键性议题之一。拜登政府上台以来,将半导体产业权力议题推向对华政策的焦点位置,积极推动所谓的“产业安全审查”,对中美半导体产业现状形成了一套带有强烈竞争性、敌视性的认知。在此基础上,拜登政府以全面遏制中国半导体产业发展为核心目标,以推进《芯片与科学法》为主要抓手,对内协调政府与社会力量加大对半导体行业的投资,加强半导体供应链弹性建设,追求本土半导体产业复苏;对外联合盟友对华进行全方位、全环节封锁,力求实现对华半导体强势遏制。拜登政府的政策虽然短期内对华形成一定冲击,但其本质上违背产业发展规律、忽视科技发展趋势,而且在内政外交诸多层面面临着多种限制,政策效果存在高度不确定性。The power of a great power,especially its economic power,is particularly undergirded by its industrial power.After about half a century,the power of the US semiconductor industry has greatly declined,with its dominance now challenged.With the rapid development of information technology and the intensifying strategic competition between China and the US,the power of the semiconductor industry has become one of the critical issues in the relationship between the two countries.Since taking office,the Biden administration,which has made the issue a focal point in its China policy,has actively promoted the so-called“industrial security review,”and developed a set of competitive and hostile perceptions about the current situations of the semiconductor industry in China and the US.Aiming at a comprehensive containment of China’s semiconductor industry,the Biden administration has used the CHIPS and Science Act as a major lever.Domestically,it has sought to revitalize its semiconductor industry through increased investment by pooling resources from the government and private sectors,and strengthening the resilience of the semiconductor supply chain.Externally,it has worked with US allies to carry out an aggressive all-round containment of China’s semiconductor industry.Although Biden’s policy has had some short-term impact on China,its ultimate result is highly uncertain because it is essentially against the law of industrial development,contradicts the development trend of science and technology,and faces various constraints at home and abroad.

关 键 词：半导体 拜登政府 《芯片与科学法》 产业权力 中美关系 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]