“雌雄”类中药的历史源流及成因  

Medical History and Causes of “Male and Female” Medicinal Materials

作　　者：谢晋[1] Xie Jin(School of Pharmacy,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230031.China)

机构地区：[1]安徽医科大学药学院,安徽合肥230031

出　　处：《亚太传统医药》2022年第11期178-183,共6页Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(81803675)。

摘　　要：目的:中药的雌雄现象是中药材的一种特殊现象,在本草著作和现代中药文献中均有记载。方法:对前胡、丁香、何首乌、海马、海龙、蛤蚧、蚕蛾、雄黄和雌黄等九味具有雌雄记载的中药材进行本草文献梳理。结果:从本草记载看,最早具有雌雄记载的中药为雌黄、雄黄,首次收载于东汉时期的《神农本草经》;魏晋南北朝时期的《雷公炮炙论》和《名医别录》分别记载了雌雄蛤蚧和雌雄原蚕蛾;唐代《海药本草》收载有公母丁香;《日华子本草》中出现了雌雄何首乌;明代本草著作中出现了雌雄丁香、雌雄海马;雌雄前胡、雌雄海龙最早分别收载于清代本草著作《本草从新》和《本草纲目拾遗》。通过对雌雄中药现象的分析,前胡的雌雄与抽薹开花有关,将开花前后的前胡分别称为雌前胡、雄前胡,现今雄前胡多不作药用;何首乌、丁香的雌雄与药材本身的颜色、大小相关,雌首乌药材断面赤色,雄首乌药材断面白色,而雄丁香形态如钉子长,雌丁香似枣核大;海马、海龙、蛤蚧、原蚕蛾等中药的雌雄与动物自身的性别有关;矿物药雄黄、雌黄与其所含成分相关,分别是AsS和As2S3。结论:总结归纳了中药的雌雄现象及其成因,为雌雄类中药的现代科学研究提供了本草学依据。Objective:The“male”and“female”identities present in Chinese herbal medicines is a special phenomenon which has been recorded in both the Materia Medica and modern Chinese medicine literature.Methods:A thorough search in the materia medica was conducted for the nine herbal medicines that present with“gender”identities,including Qian Hu,Ding Xiang,He Shou Wu,seahorse,sea dragon,gecko,silk moth,realgar and orpiment.Results:From the Materia Medica,the earliest Chinese herbal medicines that were accorded“gender”descriptions were realgar and orpiment,which were first recorded in the ShennongBencaojing during the Eastern Han Dynasty;Male and female geckos and silk worms were recorded in the Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun and Ming Yi Bie Lu respectively in the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties;Gong Ding Xiang and Mu Ding Xiang were recorded in Hai Yao Ben Caoin the Tang Dynasty;Male and female He Shou Wu appeared in Ri Hua Zi Ben Cao;Female and male Ding Xiang,as well as female and male seahorses appeared in the Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty;Female and male Qian Hu,and sea dragons were first included in the Materia Medica of the Qing Dynasty,namely Ben Cao Cong Xin and Supplement to Compendium of Materia Medica.An analysis of the“gender”phenomenon in Chinese herbal medicines revealed the following:for Qian Hu,the“gender”identity is related to the bolting and flowering of the herb,hence Qian Hu that have not flowered are termed“female”while those flowered that have are termed“male”;Nowadays,“male”Qian Hu are not for medicinal use.The herbs\colour and size account for the“gender”of He Shou Wu and Ding Xiang;“female”He Shou Wu have red cross-sections while“male”ones have white cross-sections,and“male”Ding Xiang are as long as nails while“female”ones are as big as jujube kernels.The“gender”identities of herbs deriving from seahorses,sea dragons,geckos and silk moths are determined by their biological gender.For minerals realgar and orpiment,their“genders”are relate

关 键 词：本草考证 雌雄(公母) 前胡 何首乌 海马 

分 类 号：R282[医药卫生—中药学]