关于“美国例外论”的历史反思  

Historical Reflections on "American Exceptionalism"

作　　者：李剑鸣[1] Li Jianming

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第6期1-30,216,共31页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：从历史的视角来看,作为一种“社会事实”的“美国例外论”,并非“山巅之城”“上帝选民”“天定命运”“美国信条”的简单叠加或组合,而体现为美国人因率先享有自由、实现自治而产生的自信、自豪和“使命”意识,其核心理念和基本话语均形成于美国建国时期。不过,《独立宣言》在其中所起的作用远没有想象的那么重要,作为一个集体的美国建国者才是“美国例外论”的“缔造者”,而且“开明的”欧洲思想界也隔洋呼应,共同参与了“美国例外论”的建构。通常所谓“清教起源说”和“托克维尔发明说”也都于史无征。那些与清教相关的“例外论”表述,大多是后世在对“美国例外论”加以调整和重构时所添加的。托克维尔在阐述“美国例外论”方面的确扮演了重要角色,但其有关观念和话语也与美国建国者如出一辙。以往对“美国例外论”的批判在思路和方法上也颇有局限,有必要从美国统治体制的文化心理基础、美国的国家身份塑造、“移民国家”的“国族构建”以及“例外论”与“普世论”的张力着眼,重新认识“美国例外论”作为一种文化现象和意识形态的作用与意义。From a historical perspective,American exceptionalism,as a "social fact," is not simply made up of the ideas of "a city upon a hill," "the chosen people," "manifest destiny," and "the American creed," but rather,is embodied in the American self-confidence,self-pride,and the sense of "mission " that derive from the belief that the United Stated is the first country in the world which enjoys freedom and selfgovernment,and its core conceptions and basic discourses were formulated during the founding period of the United States.Nevertheless,The Declaration of Independence did not play so important a role in the emergence of American exceptionalism as usually imagined,and the so-called doctrines of "Puritanical origin " and "Toquevillian invention " are also contrary to historical evidences.Furthermore,there are flaws in previous critique of American exceptionalism in terms of approach and methodology,and therefore,it is necessary to rethink the effect and the meaning of American exceptionalism at the angle of the culturalpsychological foundation of the American regime,the making of the American national identity,the nationbuilding in a "country of immigrants," and the tension between "exceptionalism" and "universalism."

关 键 词：美国例外论 自由和自治 美国建国者 国家特性 国族构建 

分 类 号：D771.2[政治法律—政治学] D871.2[政治法律—中外政治制度]