人类在历史长河中的创新与标准化现象——用现代标准化的观点进行考察  

The Innovation and Standardization Phenomenon of Ancient Humans——From the Perspective of Modern Standardization

作　　者：王平[1] 侯俊军[2] 房庆[3] WANG Ping;HOU Jun-jun;FANG Qing(China National Institute of Siandardization;Hunan University;National Institule of Metrology,China)

机构地区：[1]中国标准化研究院 [2]湖南大学经济与贸易学院 [3]中国计量科学研究院

出　　处：《标准科学》2022年第11期6-18,共13页Standard Science

基　　金：到国家社科基金重大项目“中国标准治理与全球贸易规则重构研究”(项目编号:17ZDA099)资助。

摘　　要：本文首先考察古代人类随着智力的发展开始的创新活动以及相应的标准化现象,包括旧石器时代的手斧制作、钻木取火、看管火堆和站岗放哨、语言的发展,新石器时代的农业革命、青铜器冶铸和相应的器物制作,以及秦始皇统一度量衡和统一货币等。然后笔者对这些现象结合现代学术界标准化的观点进行深入探讨,涉及到的观点包括——标准化是方案的选择和固化;标准是匹配问题解决方案;标准是规则;对事物管理的标准化;标准具有的权威性等。作者认为所有这些观点在古代人类创新活动中都能找到相应的标准化现象作为印证;最早的人类制作手斧案例中就已经能够看到现代工业标准的原型;从案例分析中能够看到古代人类的创新活动和标准化是纠缠在一起的;这些标准化活动绝大部分都是自发的,而到了秦朝统一货币、统一度量衡才出现中央政府强制实施标准的情况。作者特别指出度量衡标准化和货币标准化是古代人类开创了概念量化标准化的先河。This paper first discusses the innovative activities of ancient humans that began with their development of intelligence and the corresponding phenomenon of standardization,including the making of hand axes,drilling for fire,tending fires and standing guard,and the development of language in the Paleolithic age,the agricultural revolution,bronze smelting and casting,and the making of corresponding artifacts in the Neolithic age,and the unification of weights and measures and currency by Qin Shi Huang,the first Emperor of Qin dynasty.Then the authors discuss these phenomena in depth combined with modern academic views on standardization,involving ideas such as standardization is the selection and solidification of solutions;standards are matching problem solutions;standards are rules;standardization of the management of things;the authority that standards have.The authors argue that all these ideas are evidenced by the phenomenon of standardization in ancient human innovation activities;the earliest cases of stone axe making by ancient humans already show the prototype of modern industrial standards;the case studies show that ancient human innovation activities and standardization are entwined;most of these standardization activities were spontaneous,and it was only in the Qin dynasty that the unification of currency and weights and measures came about when the central government implemented standards.In particular,the authors point out that the standardization of weights,measures and currency were pioneered by ancient humans to standardize the quantification of concepts.

关 键 词：历史 创新 标准 标准化 旧石器时代 新石器时代 

分 类 号：K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] F129[历史地理—历史学] F203[经济管理—世界经济]