天下文明的重建:孟子儒学的仁义政教论  

The Re-construction of a Civilized-world:Mencius’Confucianism on Benevolence-righteousness and the Complex of Polis-paideia

作　　者：张广生[1] ZHANG Guangsheng

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2022年第11期102-112,共11页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：孟子仁义政教论的历史语境是战国之乱世,理论语境则是华夏天下文明的重建。孟子以其仁义儒学为华夏政教文明复兴的宏业重新奠立了心性论的基础,仁义不是天志之法,而是心性之德,无论大人君子的皇皇高德,还是普通人民的庸常善德都要依赖于心性的自觉与情识的成长。相对于杨朱学说政治虚无主义的绝望和墨子学说道德理想主义的热望,孟子的仁义学说提供了“中道”的道德现实主义方案:通过仁义政教,建设以“不忍人之心”行“不忍人之政”的“可能的中心之国”。仁义政教不能像天志之法那样强力重构所有的人伦,君子只能在反躬自省的自我校正中,顺应人的自然性情,以伦类之知和差序之爱,开辟“权以归经”的文明重建之路。Mencius’discourse of Benevolence-righteousness was put forward at the turbulent times in China’s Warring States Period.Yet its theoretical context was the re-construction of a civilized-world.Based on his Confucianism of Benevolence-righteousness,Mencius re-found the theory of mind and human nature for the cause of rebuilding a political civilization that follows the ancient kings’principle of“bonding polis with paideia”.Benevolence-righteousness is not the commandment by the will of Heaven but the virtue of human disposition.Both the noble virtues of gentlemen and the ordinary virtues of common people rely on the self-consciousness of one’s own disposition and the growth of one’s understanding originating from affection.In contrast to both the aspiration of moral idealism in Mozi’s theory and the despair of political nihilism in Yangzhu’s doctrine,Mencius’theory of Benevolence-righteousness offered a middle way of moral realism,namely,to conduct the“commiserating government”with the“commiserating heart”.Benevolence-righteousness,and the complex of polis-paideia,could not forcefully re-construct the human ethics in an overall way as the will of Heaven.Gentlemen could only break the way of re-creating the civilization through the journey of self-correction.This effort of restoring the principle by weighing the adaptability in specific circumstances requires one to follow the natural disposition of human beings,acquire the knowledge of the kind,and foster the differential affections for different people.

关 键 词：天下文明 仁义 政教 孟子 儒学 

分 类 号：D09[政治法律—政治学]