劳动力流动的“半透膜”——城市户籍门槛对流动人口工资溢价的影响  

The Semi-permeable Membranes in the Labor Migration:The Heterogeneity Effect of Hukou Registration Thresholds to the Wage of Immigrants

作　　者：屈小博[1] 胡植尧 Qu Xiaobo;Hu Zhiyao

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所 [2]中国社会科学院大学经济学院

出　　处：《中国人口科学》2022年第5期77-91,128,共16页Chinese Journal of Population Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金专项项目“中国人口转变的独特性、经济影响及政策研究”(编号:72141310);中国社会科学院国情调研重大项目“产业结构调整升级背景下的机器人替代战略实施状况”(编号:GQZD2020004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“人才偏好”的户籍门槛在劳动力流动过程中形成了一张“半透膜”,即高技能劳动力可以在城市间相对自由流动,但低技能劳动力流动受阻,劳动力市场效率受户籍门槛抑制。文章将全国流动人口动态监测数据与城市户籍门槛指标匹配,发现城市户籍门槛越高,当地流动人口平均工资越高。使用1984年降水量作为户籍门槛的工具变量,在消除内生性并进行稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。异质性分析发现,户籍门槛对流动人口工资的影响仅在低人力资本群体中显著。机制分析发现,高户籍门槛增强了低人力资本流动人口离开的意愿,导致劳动力供给减少,产生工资溢价。户籍门槛通过影响劳动力流动将工资溢价保留在城市内部,一方面降低了劳动力市场运行效率,另一方面不利于共享发展成果和实现共同富裕。Hukou registration thresholds with talent preferences constructed“semi-permeable membranes”in labor migration,which means that high-skilled labors can migrate between cities unrestrictedly,but low-skilled labors are blocked,and the efficiency of labor market is suppressed by the Hukou registration thresholds.This paper matches the data of China Migrants Dynamic Survey with city Hukou registration thresholds index,and finds that the higher city Hukou registration threshold,the higher wages of local immigrants.To eliminate the threats of endogenous,the paper uses local precipitation in 1984 as an instrumental variable of city Hukou registration threshold,and finds that these results are robust.The heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of Hukou registration threshold on immigrant wage is only significant in groups with low human capital.The analysis of the mechanism finds that Hukou registration threshold has enhanced the willingness to leave of immigrants with low human capital,which led to labor supply decrease in cities,hence wage premium is generated.The Hukou registration threshold keeps the wage premium within cities,which on the one hand reduces the operational efficiency of the labor market,on the other hand is not conducive to the achievements of shared development and common prosperity.

关 键 词：户籍门槛 工资溢价 流动人口 劳动力流动 共同富裕 

分 类 号：F249.24[经济管理—劳动经济] D631.42[经济管理—国民经济]