植硅体分析揭示天山中段南麓北朝时期莫呼查汗沟口遗址的作物结构与生业模式  

PHYTOLITHS REVEAL THE CROP STRUCTURE AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES AT THE MOHUCHAHANGOUKOU SITE IN THE SOUTHERN FOOTHILLS OF THE CENTRAL TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS, XINJIANG, DURING THE NORTHERN DYNASTIES

作　　者：任琳 李宇奇[4] 黎海明 师宏伟 王忻 贾鑫 左昕昕 REN Lin;LI Yuqi;LI Haiming;SHI Hongwei;WANG Xin;JIA Xin;ZUO Xinxin(Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of Ministry of Education,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350007,Fujian;School of Geographical Sciences,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350007,Fujian;Center for Environmental Archaeology in Southeast China,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350007,Fujian;Faculty of History,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350;College of Humanities&Social Development,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,Jiangsu;School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu;Institute of Environmental Archaeology,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,Jiangsu;Hejing County Office for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments,Hejing 841300,Xinjiang)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学湿润亚热带生态-地理过程教育部重点实验室,福建福州350007 [2]福建师范大学地理科学学院,福建福州350007 [3]福建师范大学东南环境考古中心,福建福州350007 [4]南开大学历史学院,天津300350 [5]南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院,江苏南京210095 [6]南京师范大学地理科学学院,江苏南京210023 [7]南京师范大学环境考古研究院,江苏南京210023 [8]新疆和静县文物保护管理所,新疆和静841300

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第6期1764-1774,共11页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:19CKG019);中央高校基本科研业务费专项项目(批准号:2122021396);国家自然科学基金项目(批准号:42077407和42101152)共同资助。

摘　　要：新疆位于亚欧大陆文明交流和作物传播的关键区域,该地区古代人群的饮食结构和生业模式一直是国内外考古学者共同关注的科学问题。天山地区复杂的地理构造为研究不同地貌单元人群的农业活动和生计模式提供了理想场所。本研究选取中天山南部焉耆盆地北朝时期(386~581 A.D.)的莫呼查汗沟口遗址作为研究对象,对从该遗址不同功能单元采集的样品进行了植硅体分析,并结合已有的炭化种子记录探讨了该遗址古代居民的作物结构和生业模式。结果表明:房址剖面和火塘样品中发现了较多数量的黍η型、小麦树枝状和乳突状以及少量的粟Ω型植硅体,植硅体分析和炭化种子浮选结果共同证实了北朝时期沟口先民的作物结构以小麦和黍子为主,同时兼有大麦和粟,各遗迹单元农作物植硅体的广泛分布表明该遗址农业活动发达。通过对比不同地貌单元遗址的考古研究成果发现,不同于自然条件优越的绿洲地带,在山前洪积扇或沟口地区进行大规模的作物种植必须依赖水利灌溉设施的支持。研究结果为深入研究新疆不同地貌单元人群的饮食结构、农业活动和生存策略提供了重要的线索。Xinjiang was a bridge for the transcontinental exchange of domesticated crops and animals between the East and the West. The dietary structures and subsistence strategies of ancient communities living in this region’s different landform units are hotly debated. However, previous studies mostly focus on lowland oases or mountains, suitable for either developing irrigated agriculture or herding animals. Little attention has been paid to the dry alluvial fans between the oases and mountains, hindering our further understanding about the human-land relationship along the Tianshan Mountains. The present study tackles this problem by analyzing the phytolith remains at Mohuchahangoukou(42° 24′ 46.41″ N, 85° 46′ 48.37″ E;1730~1810 m a. s. l.), an alluvial fan site in the southern foothills of the central Tianshan Mountains that dates to the Northern Dynasties(386~581 A.D.).In this study, 47 samples from general house contexts and hearths in the No.4 area of the site were selected for phytolith analysis. In total, 27 phytolith morphotypes were identified. Four could be confirmed from crops, including η-type from broomcorn millet, Ω-type from foxtail millet, dendriform and papillae phytoliths from wheat and barley. The phytolith assemblages show that the percentage of broomcorn millet phytoliths is higher than foxtail millet, which contrasts with the assemblages of marco-plant remains. The reason for the difference between the two indexes of foxtail millet and broomcorn millet should be attributed to the degree of preservation difficulties of these seeds and phytoliths. The proportions of wheat in phytolith assemblages were generally higher than and the barley, which was consistent with the assemblages of macro-plant remains. The phytolith and macro-plant remains suggest that broomcorn millet and wheat were more important than barley and foxtail millet in the Mouhuchahangoukou site. We hence suggest that multi-index research is needed to obtain a more reliable conclusion when dealing with these issues. The re

关 键 词：新疆 焉耆盆地 植物考古 古代农业 山前水利灌溉 

分 类 号：K871.42[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K878[历史地理—历史学]