甲午战后全国性钱荒危机的爆发及其对城乡社会的冲击  

The Outbreak and Impact of National Cash Shortage Crisis after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

作　　者：韩祥[1] Han Xiang

机构地区：[1]山西大学中国社会史研究中心,太原030006

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2022年第6期115-136,共22页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“国家治理视角下传统中国货币与财政关系研究(1368—1911)”(批准号:20&ZD064);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“京津冀地区清代山西会馆与山西商人研究”(批准号:17YJC770043);山西大学学科交叉建设项目“历史时期华北乡村社会治理及其当代价值研究”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：甲午战后的全国性钱荒危机是在多种因素综合作用下集中爆发的,其中铜价上涨、官钱减铸、民间私销是长期存在的基础性因素,甲午战争期间日军的货币掠夺、1895年严重的大范围灾荒则是直接的诱发性因素,起到了催化剂的作用。钱荒危机破坏了各地原有的货币流通秩序,清政府希图通过铸造轻质制钱、开铸大小银元、开办官钱局等调整钱法的举措来应对钱荒,但遭到失败。农村地区则通过城乡贸易吸收制钱、销毁制钱改铸私钱、扩张短陌惯例等途径缓和了钱荒的冲击,并形成私铸在村、运销在城的民间铸币权运行模式。清政府督饬各省核减税赋折钱的措施多无实效,而地方政府的折钱浮收加重了农民负担与市场钱荒。动荡社会中的货币流通受到自然、政治、社会等诸多不确定性因素的冲击,不断地在均衡与非均衡状态之间进行转换。National cash shortage crisis after the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895,broke out intensively in several comprehensive factors,including copper price rising,official cash casted decreasingly,folk destroying official cash illegally,as basic factors in long time.The the Japanese troops grabing Chinese cash during the Sino-Japanese war,and the serious widespread famine in 1895 were the directly induced factors,which have the effect of the catalyst.The cash shortage crisis destroyed the original order of currency circulation in China.The Qing government tried to cope with the cash shortage by casting light cash,casting big and small silver dollars,opening official monetary bureau,which adjusted the cash law,but failed.In rural areas,the impact of cash shortage was alleviated by absorbing urban cash through trade,destroying official cash and casting private cash,expanding the practice of“Duan Mo”,which formed the operation mode of casting private cash in villages and selling in cities.The measures that the Qing government supervised provinces to reduce the official price relation between silver and copper cash on feudal land tax,were mostly ineffective,but the rising price relation between silver and copper cash of local governments increased the burden of farmers and the level of cash shortage in the market.Therefore,the currency circulation in turbulent society is impacted by many natural,political,social and other uncertain factors,and constantly changes between equilibrium and disequilibrium states.

关 键 词：甲午战争 钱荒危机 制钱 币制改革 城乡社会 

分 类 号：F822.9[经济管理—财政学]