不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期土壤养分及酶活性变化特征  

The Characteristics of Soil Nutrients and Soil Enzyme Activities During Wheat Growth Stage Under Different Tillage Patterns

作　　者：朱长伟 孟威威 石柯 牛润芝 姜桂英[1] 申凤敏 刘芳[1] 刘世亮[1] ZHU ChangWei;MENG WeiWei;SHI Ke;NIU RunZhi;JIANG GuiYing;SHEN FengMin;LIU Fang;LIU ShiLiang(College of Resource and Environment,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450002)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学资源与环境学院,郑州450002

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2022年第21期4237-4251,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划重点专项(2021YFD1700904);河南省教育厅基金(20A210024);河南农业大学本科实验室开放创新项目(2019-16)。

摘　　要：【目的】通过研究黄淮平原潮土区不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期土壤养分、微生物量碳氮和酶活性的动态变化,为该地区筛选适宜的耕作制度提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田小区试验,在2016-2019年小麦季设置5个轮耕模式:(1)连续旋耕(RT-RT-RT);(2)深耕-旋耕-旋耕(DT-RT-RT);(3)深耕-旋耕-条旋耕(DT-RT-SRT);(4)深耕-条旋耕-条旋耕(DT-SRT-SRT);(5)深耕-条旋耕-旋耕(DT-SRT-RT)。3年为一个周期,在3年周期的第3年即2019年小麦返青期(GS)、拔节期(JS)、灌浆期(FS)和成熟期(MS)采集0-40 cm土层土壤样品,测定并分析土壤碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性。【结果】整个小麦生育期所有土壤指标均随土层加深而降低。相对于RT-RT-RT,深耕基础上配合旋耕或条旋耕对20-40 cm土层速效养分的提升效果明显高于0-20 cm土层,但均显著影响两土层中土壤微生物量和酶活性。小麦主要生育时期不同处理下各土壤指标的动态变化趋势与作物的生长和需肥规律基本一致。随着小麦生育期的推进,土壤AP、AK、SMBC、SMBN和脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性均呈“增加-降低-增加”的变化趋势,其中在拔节期达到最大峰值,而蔗糖酶活性则表现为逐渐增加的趋势。在0-20 cm土层,拔节期DT-SRT-RT处理的AN、AP和AK含量显著高于RT-RT-RT处理,其值分别为91.74、27.17和139.81 mg·kg^(-1)。不同轮耕模式及土层深度显著影响AN及AP的含量;而小麦生育时期、不同土层和各轮耕模式等因素均能显著影响AK的含量,但各因素之间的交互作用不明显。在整个生育期,DT-RT-RT、DT-SRT-RT处理0-40 cm土层的SMBC、SMBN含量较高。而相较于RT-RT-RT处理,DT-SRT-RT处理则显著提高了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及中性磷酸酶活性,其增长率分别为3.79%-27.69%、12.29%-36.10%和8.61%-35.91%。小麦生育时期、不同土层�【Objective】This study was aimed to select the optimum tillage pattern by investigating the dynamic changes of different tillage patterns on soil nutrients,microbial biomass,and enzyme activities during different wheat growth stages in fluvo-aquic soil in Huang-Huai Plain.【Method】The field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2019.Five rotation tillage modes were set as:(1)Continuous Rotary Tillage(RT-RT-RT);(2)Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Rotary tillage(DT-RT-RT);(3)Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage(DT-RT-SRT);(4)Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage(DT-SRT-SRT);(5)Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Rotating tillage(DT-SRT-RT).Three years is a cycle.In the third year of the 3-year cycle,i.e.2019,0-40 cm soil layer samples were taken at the wheat greening stage(GS),jointing stage(JS),filling stage(FS),and maturity stage(MS).The contents of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),soil microbial biomass carbon(SMBC),soil microbial biomass nitrogen(SMBN),and the activities of urease,invertase,and neutral phosphatase in different soil layers were measured and analyzed.【Result】All soil indicators were decreased with the soil depths during the whole wheat growth stage.Compared with RT-RT-RT,the increment of available nutrients contents at 20-40 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those at 0-20 cm soil layer under the treatments with deep tillage combined with rotary tillage or shallow rotary tillage,but which presented few effects on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities under soil layers compared with the effects on soil available nutrients.The dynamic changes of each soil indicators under different treatments during the wheat main growth stages were consistent with the growth and fertilizer requirements of crops.The AP,AK,SMBC,SMBN,urease,neutral phosphatase activities were showed an“N”type trend and reached to peak at the jointing stage.The sucrase activity was gradually increased with the growth stage.In

关 键 词：轮耕模式 土壤养分 土壤微生物量 土壤酶活性 小麦生育时期 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]