中国东北地区奶牛冷热应激及其调控情况调查报告  

Investigation Report on Cold and Heat Stress and Its Regulation of Dairy Farms in Northeast China

作　　者：李晨阳 顾宪红[1] 陈晓阳 孙福昱 LI Chen-yang;GU Xian-hong;CHEN Xiao-yang;SUN Fu-yu(Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]动物营养学国家重点实验室/中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,北京100193

出　　处：《中国奶牛》2022年第12期1-4,共4页China Dairy Cattle

基　　金：奶牛产业技术体系北京市创新团队项目(BAIC06-2021);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(ASTIP-IAS07)。

摘　　要：为考察我国东北地区奶牛场冷热应激及其调控情况,本次专项调研收集到黑龙江、辽宁、吉林三省泌乳牛存栏量100头以上的61家规模化养殖场数据,并进行了统计分析。得到结论如下:①夏季受热应激影响致使奶牛采食量和产奶量下降的牛场分别占到62.3%和65.6%;为了缓解奶牛热应激,采取风扇、喷淋、遮阳棚、遮阳网防暑降温的牛场分别占98.4%、75.4%、83.6%、83.6%,并且配备有喷淋降温措施的牛场也均配备有风扇降温,采用喷淋及遮阳棚缓解奶牛热应激的效果较好。②冬季78.7%的牛场存在冷应激,进而导致奶牛采食量上升和产奶量下降的牛场分别占到52.5%和26.2%;为了犊牛防寒保暖,77.1%、65.6%、60.7%的牛场在冬季分别采取密闭牛舍、加垫草、提供温水措施,而给犊牛穿马甲能够提高年均产奶量,可获得更高的经济效益;13.1%的牛场存在乳头冻伤情况,分别有9.8%的牛场犊牛咳嗽发生率和8.2%的牛场犊牛腹泻发生率在10%以上。综上所述,为了更有效地降低冷热应激对奶牛产奶量的影响,东北地区牛场夏季宜采用喷淋或遮阳棚防暑,冬季犊牛宜穿马甲防寒。In order to investigate the cold and heat stress and its regulation of dairy farms in Northeast China,this survey collected data of 61 farms with over 100 head of dairy cows in stock from Heilongjiang,Liaoning and Jilin province,and conducted statistical analysis.The following conclusions were obtained:(1)The percentage of dairy farms affected by summer heat stress resulting in a decrease in feed intake and milk production were 62.3% and 65.6%,respectively;98.4%,75.4%,83.6% and 83.6% of dairy farms took fans,sprinklers,shade shelters and shade nets to prevent heat stress in order to alleviate heat stress of cows,and use of sprinklers and shade shelters are more effective in relieving heat stress in cows.(2)Cold stress existed in 78.7% of dairy farms in winter,which in turn led to an increase in cow feed intake and a decrease in milk production in 52.5% and 26.2% of dairy farms,respectively;to keep calves warm,77.1%,65.6%,and 60.7% of cattle farms closed the barn,added bedding,and provided warm water in winter,respectively,and wearing vests on calves can increase annual average milk production;13.1% of dairy farms had cows with frostbite on their teats,and the incidence of cough or diarrhea was above 10% in 9.8% and 8.2% of the farms,respectively.In summary,spray or sunshade awning should be used in summer,and calves should wear vests in winter in order to more effectively reduce the impact of heat and cold stress on milk yield of dairy cows in Northeast China.

关 键 词：奶牛 东北地区 热应激 冷应激 

分 类 号：S823.4[农业科学—畜牧学]