环境法典编纂中民事责任的定位与构造  

Positioning and Construction of Civil Liability in the Environmental Code

作　　者：张宝[1] Zhang Bao

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第6期40-55,共16页Global Law Review

基　　金：2018年度国家社会科学基金青年项目“生态环境损害政府民事索赔与行政执法的适用关系研究”(18CFX071)的研究成果。

摘　　要：生态环境法律关系的特殊性决定了生态环境民事责任的复杂性。鉴于生态环境领域并未发展出独立的合同责任规则和规范需求,故环境法典民事责任编纂的重心主要在于规范环境侵害行为引发的私益侵权责任和生态环境损害责任。《民法典》绿色条款为这两种责任提供了基础,但也存在私益侵权责任规则难以一体适用于各种污染类型、生态环境损害责任难于沿用传统侵权法理等问题。私益侵权责任的不足虽可通过修法而在民法框架内解决,但不妨碍通过环境法典建立特别民法规范。生态环境损害责任具有“公法性质、私法实现”属性,需要通过环境法典全面创制以“生态修复论”为中心的专门责任。同时,鉴于行政机关身兼索赔者和执法者双重身份而可能引发法理冲突和适用冲突,环境法典编纂时宜将执法权限于违法行为的日常监管与污染和破坏环境事件的应急处置,损害填补则由民事责任解决。The special nature of environmental legal relations determines the complexity of environmental legal liability.As an important part of environmental legal liability,the codification of environmental civil liability in the environmental code needs to be dovetailed and coordinated with the relevant provisions of the Civil Code.Since no special rules of contractual liability have developed in the field of environment and also no special rules are needed,there is no need for specific provisions on contractual liability in the environmental code.As a result,the focus of environmental civil liability in the environmental code is mainly on the private environmental tort liability and ecological damage liability arising from acts of environmental pollution or ecological destruction.The green provisions in the Civil Code provide the basis and source for the above two types of liability,but there are also problems such as the difficulty in applying the legal rules of private tort liability to all types of pollution as well as the difficulty in following the traditional tort liability jurisprudence for ecological damage,which need to be addressed during the compilation of the environmental code.Private environmental torts require the establishment of liability rules that distinguish between mimetic and substantive pollution and the clarification of their application in relation to neighboring pollution infringement under property law.Although these issues can be resolved within the framework of the Civil Code through legislative amendments,this does not prevent the establishment of special civil law norms through environmental law codification.Liability for ecological damage is“public law in nature and private law in operation”.As a result,it is difficult to interpret this liability in a comprehensive manner under the traditional tort damage theory.Therefore,in order to respond to the specificity of ecological damage and its restoration,it is necessary to create a special liability regime with the“ecological restorati

关 键 词：环境法典 环境侵权 民事责任 生态环境损害 生态修复论 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.68[政治法律—法学]