赛前准备活动:实践导向的科学证据  

Pre-competition Warm-up:Practice-oriented Scientific Evidences

作　　者：黎涌明[1,2] 李博 王雄[4] 王欣欣[1] 刘瑞东 LI Yongming;LI Bo;WANG Xiong;WANG Xinxin;LIU Ruidong(School of Athlete Performance,Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China;China Institute of Sport Science,General Administration of Sport of China,Beijing 100061 China;School of Physical Education and Sport Science,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350108,China;National Sports Training Center,General Administration of Sport of China,Beijing 100061,China;School of Athletic Sport,Beijing Sport University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院竞技运动学院,上海200438 [2]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061 [3]福建师范大学体育科学学院,福州350108 [4]国家体育总局训练局,北京100061 [5]北京体育大学竞技体育学院,北京100084

出　　处：《西安体育学院学报》2022年第5期606-617,632,共13页Journal of Xi'an Physical Education University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“科技冬奥”重点专项课题(2018YFF0300901);国家体育总局体育科学研究所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本20-37)。

摘　　要：合理的赛前准备活动策略可以帮助运动员提升比赛成绩,但准备活动效果受诸多因素的影响。对赛前准备活动的方法与机制、构成因素及其影响、实操策略和特殊手段进行综述。体温升高是准备活动产生积极作用的主要生理机制,运动神经激活、能量代谢系统动员和心理准备在准备活动中同样具有重要作用。强度和持续时间、过渡期的时长和措施、场间或轮间的二次准备活动共同影响着准备活动的效果。准备活动的方案设计可以分为提升、激活和灵活、增强3个阶段,制定和实施赛前准备活动策略时需要在遵循准备活动基本科学原理的基础上,考虑项目特点、运动员个体需求和比赛情境。未来需要更多真实比赛场景下不同准备活动方法和构成因素对后续比赛表现及其机制的研究。Rational strategies of pre-competition warm-up can assist athlete to enhance the racing performance.However,the effect of warm-up is affected by various factors.This study summarizes the literatures from aspects of methods and mechanisms,component factors,practical strategies and special means of warm-up.Elevated body temperature is the main physiological mechanism for the positive effect of warm-up.In addition,motor nerve activation,energy metabolism system mobilization and psychological preparation also play a vital role.The effects of warm-up is influenced by intensity and duration,duration and measures of the transition period,and rewarm-up between the half-match or rounds.The warm-up program can be divided into raise,activate and mobilize,as well as potentiation.The sport profile,individual demand,and competition context should be considered when programming and implementing the precompetition warm-up strategies,with the basis of practice-oriented evidence.More studies are needed to explore the effect of different methods and component factors of warm-up on subsequent racing performance,as well as its mechanism in real competition context.

关 键 词：主动准备活动 被动准备活动 二次准备活动 后激活增强 

分 类 号：C822[社会学—统计学]