从并肩到对立:公元前5世纪雅典政体光谱中的民主制与寡头制  

From Abreast to Opponent:Democracy and Oligarchy in the Athenian Polity Spectrum in the 5^(th) Century BCE

作　　者：陈超 Chen Chao

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2022年第5期102-112,I0005,I0006,共13页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“公元前8-5世纪希腊政体思想研究”(19CSS003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：一般认为,贯穿古典时代雅典政治史的主要矛盾是民主制和寡头制的对立。然而,对雅典人政体思想的考察却表明,民主制和寡头制对立的政体光谱是古典时代后期的产物。古典时代早期,雅典人沿用了古风时代的僭主制和平等政治对立的政体光谱,不但不将民主制和寡头制视为对立的政体,反而将二者都视作平等政治的不同形态,认为它们都是僭主制的对立面。公元前5世纪后期,由于国内阶级矛盾激化,以及对外与斯巴达的战争,雅典开始出现将民主制和寡头制对立的论述,但以僭主为敌的政体思想仍占据主流。直到公元前5世纪末,三十寡头的残暴统治才彻底重塑了雅典人的政体思想,使寡头制在雅典人的政治观念中迅速僭主化。公元前4世纪,寡头政体在雅典人的政治话语中进一步僭主化,最终超过僭主制,成为民主制最主要的对立面。至此,民主制和寡头制的对立结构成为雅典人中最普遍流行的政体光谱。It is widely believed that the principal polity spectrum running through the Athenian politics of the Classical Age was the polarity between democracy and oligarchy.However,after analysing the popular polity ideas of common Athenian people,it is revealed that this spectrum did not come into being until the later part of the Classical Age.In the earlier part of the Classical Age,the dominating polity cognitive structure of the Athenians which they inherited from the Archaic Age was the antithesis between tyranny and isonomia.In this polity spectrum,the concept of demokratia and the concept of oligarchia were not opponents,but be seen as different kinds of isonomia,and thus the enemies of tyranny.In the late 5thcentury BCE,in the context of domestic class conflict of the Athenians and the Peloponnesian war against Spartans,the polarity between democracy and oligarchy came into being,but the dominant polity spectrum was still the anti-tyranny one.The brutal rule of the Thirty reshaped the polity ideas of the Athenian people thoroughly,changing the image of oligarchy from acceptable to tyrannical.In the 4thcentury BCE,oligarchy becoming increasingly tyrannical in the Athenian political discourse replaced tyranny eventually and became the principal ideological antithesis of democracy.Only at this time,the ideological polarity between democracy and oligarchy became the most popular polity spectrum among the Athenians.

关 键 词：古典时代 雅典 政体光谱 伯罗奔尼撒战争 民主制 寡头制 

分 类 号：D033[政治法律—政治学] K125[历史地理—历史学]