日内瓦核禁试谈判与艾森豪威尔政府的立场和政策  

Geneva Negotiations regarding the Nuclear Test Ban and the Eisenhower Administration’s Position and Policy

作　　者：赵学功[1] Zhao Xuegong

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心

出　　处：《世界历史》2022年第5期1-20,I0002,共21页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“美国防核扩散政策档案的收集、整理和研究(1945-2017)”(项目编号:20&ZD242)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪50年代中期,美国核试验所产生的放射性尘埃给人类健康和生态环境造成的危害,引发了国际社会和美国民众的广泛关注,世界各国和美国国内的反核运动不断高涨,强烈要求有核国家停止核试验。迫于国内外的压力,美国政府于1958年7月在瑞士日内瓦开始与苏联就核禁试问题进行谈判。但是,美国政府对核禁试谈判采取了极为消极的立场,其基本政策是,在确保美国核优势的同时,尽可能阻止苏联核力量的发展,同时通过谈判改善美国的国际形象,以减少国际舆论对美国政策的批评。在谈判期间,尽管苏联以及英国奉行了较为灵活的政策,希望谈判能就全面禁止核试验问题取得一致,并为此做出了积极努力,但美国对谈判进程设置种种障碍,致使谈判步履维艰,最终未能达成协议。从根本上说,核禁试谈判的失败并非仅仅因为美苏在核查问题上的分歧,更非美国军工复合体的阻挠,实质在于美国政府核禁试政策的内在矛盾性,并由此揭示出美国冷战政策的复杂性。In the mid-1950s,the international community and the American public paid more attention to the radioactive fallout harm to human health and the environment.The antinuclear movements continuously rose around the world and in the United States,strongly demanding that the nuclear countries needed to stop nuclear tests.Under strong pressure from domestic and overseas,the Eisenhower Administration began negotiating with the Soviet Union on the nuclear test ban in Geneva in July 1958.However,the U.S.government took an extremely negative position in negotiations.Its basic policy was to constrain the development of the Soviet nuclear power as much as possible while ensuring the nuclear superiority of the United States,and tried to improve the international image of the United States through negotiations in order to reduce the criticism of the public opinion on the American policy.Although both the Soviet Union and Britain pursued more flexible policies and made positive efforts during such negotiations,hoping to reach an agreement on a comprehensive test ban treaty,the United States imposed various obstacles on the negotiation process,making the negotiations difficult and finally failing to reach an agreement.Fundamentally,neither the disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union over the verification issue nor the resistance of the United States military-industrial complex was to blame for the failure of negotiations regarding the ban on nuclear testing.The essence lied in the internal contradiction of the U.S.government’s nuclear test ban policy,which reveals the complexity of the American Cold War policy.

关 键 词：冷战 美苏关系 艾森豪威尔政府 日内瓦核禁试谈判 核军备控制 

分 类 号：D815.2[政治法律—国际关系] D871.2[政治法律—政治学]