终结有罪不罚抑或打开“潘多拉的盒子”——对国际法委员会“官员豁免专题”中“国际罪行例外条款草案”的批判  

Putting an End to Impunity or Opening Pandora’s Box:A Critical Study on the“International Crimes Exceptions”to the International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction

作　　者：邓华 Deng Hua

机构地区：[1]中山大学马克思主义学院 [2]中山大学涉外法治研究院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2022年第6期108-126,共19页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(批准号:21BFX148)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：随着国际刑法和国际人权法的发展,关于一国特定官员在外国享有不受当地刑事管辖的特权这一问题愈加复杂,争论激烈。历经15年的研究,联合国国际法委员会于2022年6月完成了“国家官员外国刑事管辖豁免专题”的“一读”。但是,围绕着该专题中的一个核心问题即2017年以非传统的记名投票方式通过的“国际罪行例外条款草案”之争议仍然没有消弭。该条款草案的支持者主要从保护人权和打击有罪不罚的立场出发,认为纳入该条款能更好地实现这些目的并反映现代国际法的发展趋势。但对相关国家实践和司法判例、特别报告员的报告、国际法委员会的讨论实况以及该专题的进展等各项因素的综合考察表明,“国际罪行例外条款草案”不仅与国际法委员会启动该专题研究时的初衷相背离,甚至由此打开了“潘多拉的盒子”:国家实践的欠缺始终会危及该条款草案的正当性;国际法委员会因此深陷如何区分“编纂”与“逐渐发展”国际法这一难解的理论之争;该条款草案事实上已阻碍了专题的进展。在此背景下,国际法委员会和各国有必要在现实基础上反思“国际罪行例外条款草案”存在的可行性。As the development of International Criminal Law and International Human Rights Law,the issues relating to the Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction have become more and more complicated,which have provoked heated debates for years.Considering its importance,the United Nations International Law Commission(ILC),after fifteen-year research on the topic“Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction”,adopted the texts and titles of the draft articles 1 to 18 on first reading in June 2022.However,the draft article on“international crimes exceptions”,which was provisionally adopted by unusual recorded vote in 2017,has been very controversial.The supportive views argue that,the“international crimes exceptions”draft article contributes to the protection of human rights and fighting against impunity,and the development of modern international law also supports such trends.Based on the comprehensive observation on the relevant State practice and judicial decisions,the reports submitted by the Special Rapporteurs,the discussion among the ILC,the progress of the topic itself,etc.,it could be concluded that,the“international crimes exceptions”draft article has not only deviated from the original intention of the ILC when the topic was included,but also opened Pandora’s box,namely,insufficient State practice jeopardizing the legitimacy of the“international crimes exceptions”draft article,re-provoking the tough debate among the ILC on the distinction between the progressive development of international law and its codification,barricading the development of the topic itself,etc.Under such circumstances,the ILC and States have every necessity to reflect on the feasibility of the“international crimes exceptions”draft article.

关 键 词：国际法委员会 国家官员 外国刑事管辖豁免 属事豁免 国际罪行例外 有罪不罚 习惯国际法 

分 类 号：D997.9[政治法律—刑法学]