中国关于国际海洋争端解决的政策与实践  

China’s Approach to the Settlement of International Maritime Disputes

作　　者：刘衡[1] Liu Heng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院欧洲研究所

出　　处：《国际法研究》2022年第6期36-61,共26页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(19VHQ008)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：坚持国家同意原则的基础性和谈判协商的优先性,以及在同意的前提下对第三方程序的开放性,是中国和平解决国际争端的基本特征。这些特征鲜明地体现于中国处理与海上邻国之间的岛礁主权和海洋划界等问题上。中国坚持以包括《联合国海洋法公约》(下文简称《公约》)在内的国际法为依据,在国家同意的基础上善意使用争端解决方式和机制,致力于通过谈判协商和平解决与邻国的海洋划界争端,致力于在最后界限划定前“搁置争议、共同开发”。中国基于这一立场,通过谈判协商取得了中越北部湾划界的实践成果,并与多个国家建立了双边海上磋商机制,探讨在渔业、油气等领域的共同开发。中国的政策和实践丰富了《公约》争端解决的国家实践,为和平解决海洋争端作出了贡献,但也面临着一些现实困境,遭遇到菲律宾单方面所提“南海仲裁案”的挑战。近年来,中国更为强调国家同意原则的重要性,强调《公约》并非唯一的海洋争端解决依据。将来,中国可以通过政策宣示充分肯定谈判协商与强制程序二者关系的多样性,在实践中灵活运用不同的方法和手段,促进海洋争端的和平解决。By signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 and ratifying the Convention in 1996,China thus accepted the dispute settlement mechanism of the Convention.By the 1990 s,with the most of China’s land boundaries having been delimited and demarcated,maritime disputes between China and its sea neighbors have become the main types of disputes which China faces.Adhering to the basis of the principle of consent,the priority of negotiation and consultation and the use of the third-party procedures on the premise of state consent are the basic features of China’s policy and practice on the peaceful settlement of international disputes.This approach is also clearly reflected in settling disputes concerning territorial sovereignty of islands,maritime delimitation and so on by China.China is committed to determining the maritime limits with its neighbors by negotiation and consultation,and to“pursuing joint development while shelving disputes”before the final settlement.In this regard,China has both the successful practice of the maritime delimitation in the Beibu Bay by negotiation and consultation with Vietnam,and unpleasant experience of the South China Sea Arbitration initiated by the Philippines.In recent years,China has once again emphasized the great importance of the principle of consent,and that the Convention is not the sole legal basis for the settlement of maritime disputes.China’s policy and practice on the settlement of international maritime disputes enrich the state practice on the settlement of the disputes related to the Convention,contribute to the peaceful settlement of maritime disputes.At the same time,China is also facing some practical difficulties.

关 键 词：国际争端解决 海洋争端 联合国海洋法公约 国家同意 强制争端解决程序 谈判协商 南海仲裁案 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]