串级萃取理论发展与稀土分离工业技术进步  

Development of Countercurrent Extraction Theory and Technological Progress in Rare Earth Separation Industry

作　　者：廖春生 程福祥[1,2] 吴声 严纯华[2] Liao Chunsheng;Cheng Fuxiang;Wu Sheng;Yan ChunHua(China Minmetals(Beijing)Research Institute of RE Co.,Ltd,Beijing 100085,China;College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Peking University,State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]五矿(北京)稀土研究院有限公司,北京100085 [2]北京大学化学与分子工程学院,稀土材料化学及应用国家重点实验室,北京分子科学中心,北京100871

出　　处：《中国稀土学报》2022年第6期909-919,共11页Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC0605005)资助。

摘　　要：自20世纪80年代,中国在稀土资源开采、冶炼分离和材料应用领域逐步建立了优势地位,这与中国稀土分离理论及技术的持续进步密不可分,其中关键节点事件的梳理、回顾和分析可为中国稀土科技未来发展提供借鉴。在串级萃取理论的发展历程中,最优化方程使稀土串级萃取工艺的优化设计不再无章可循,“一步放大”技术的建立大大缩短了稀土萃取分离工艺设计和参数调整周期、提高了工艺流程的灵活性,非恒定混合萃取比体系设计理论完成了对皂化、萃取、反萃取等全工序过程的模拟计算,也为重稀土萃取分离工艺的优化设计提供了指导,联动萃取分离工艺的应用使稀土分离过程的酸碱消耗显著降低,相应发展的流程设计理论解决了多组份萃取分离的理论消耗极限问题。近年来,包头混合型稀土矿转型-分离一体化工艺的工业应用获得良好经济和环保效益,进一步开展溶料-萃取-沉淀过程联动的全流程优化应存在较大降耗减排空间;中国稀土分离科技发展应规划重点解决基于过程自动控制的智能化生产和以零排放为目标的绿色化生产问题。Since the 1980s,China has gradually become one of the leaders in mining,separation and application industries of rare earth(RE) elements,which benefitted directly from the advanced theories and techniques developed by Chinese scientists,and therefore review and assessment on the key events during that period could provide valuable references for the future development of RE science and technology in China. Seen from the history of the theory of countercurrent extraction,the extrema equations firstly provided a basic principle for the design of RE separation processes;one-step scale-up technique largely shortened the durations consumed in RE separation process design and parameter optimization as well as improved process flexibility;the design theory applicable for the separation systems with non-constant mixed extraction factor completed the simulation calculation of the whole process including saponification,extraction and back-extraction which offered a guideline for the design of heavy-RE separation processes;hyperlink extraction process can have much lower consumption of chemicals,and furthermore the corresponding process design theory solved the problem of theoretical consumption limitation for multi-component extraction separations. In recent years,a transformation-separation integrated process for Baotou RE mine showed excellent benefits both in economics and in environmental protection,and potential hyperlinks among decomposition,extraction separation and precipitation should lead to consumption and emission decrease in a larger scale;the research and development on RE separation should focus on the intelligent production with automatic control system and green production with zero emission in the future.

关 键 词：串级萃取理论 一步放大 非恒定混合萃取比 联动萃取分离 全流程优化 稀土 

分 类 号：O614.33[理学—无机化学]