不法原因给付对于认定财产犯罪的意义  

Implication of Performance Based on Illegal Reasons in Determining Property Crimes

作　　者：王昭武 Wang Zhaowu

机构地区：[1]云南大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2022年第12期78-92,共15页Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“网信技术创新背景下新型侵财犯罪刑法适用困境的实证考察与破解路径研究”(项目批准号:19BFX099)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：不法原因给付是指基于违反强制性法规或公序良俗的原因而为的给付。各国民法大多规定,因不法原因而给付财物的,不得请求返还,给付物之所有权亦归属于受领人。按照有关法秩序统一性的“违法判断相对性”的判断理念,对于不受民事法律保护的不法原因给付物,刑法一般不能认定成立财产犯罪;按照有关财产罪之保护法益的“法律·经济的财产说”,不法原因给付物亦不属于财产犯罪中的财产。因此,只要不符合不法原因给付制度的但书规定即“不法原因仅存在于受益人一方”,侵占或者骗取不法原因给付物的行为,原则上不能成立侵占罪或者诈骗罪。不过,骗取不法原因给付物的情形相对复杂,尽管“逃避非法债务的情形”因非法债务不能被评价为财产犯罪中的财产而不成立诈骗罪,但在“谎称进行不法交易而骗取财物的情形”与“让对方承担无效债务的情形”下,由于是受领人创造了不法原因,可以通过适用但书规定,肯定成立诈骗罪。The payments made due to illegal causes refer to payments based on the causes that violate compulsory regulations or public orders and good customs.Civil laws in most countries stipulate that if a property is paid due to illegal causes,one shall not request for a return.As a result,the ownership of the property belongs to the recipient.In light of the concept of the"relativity of the illegality"under the principle of the unity of legal order,criminal law generally does not regard a crime of the property character has been established because the property given due to illegal causes is not protected by civil law;moreover,according to the"law·economic property theory",the definition of property in crimes of the property character does not include properties given due to illegal causes.Therefore,as long as it does not comply with the Proviso of the payments due to illegal causes,that is,"the beneficiary is the only reason for the existence of such illegal cause(s)",the crime of embezzlement and other crimes that are of the property character shall not be established in principle even if the property that was given due to illegal causes has been technically embezzled or fraudulently possessed by other personnel.Nevertheless,the scenarios of fraudulent possession of the property given due to illegal causes are rather complex.Although the scenario of"evading illegal debts"does not constitute a fraud due to illegal debts cannot be regarded as properties in the crimes of the property character,the conduct done under the scenarios of"falsely claiming to conduct illegal transactions to obtain properties by defrauding"and"making the other personnel bear invalid debts",as it was the recipient who created the illegal causes,the Proviso should be applied to establish a crime of fraud.

关 键 词：不法原因给付 法秩序统一性 财产罪的保护法益 侵占罪 诈骗罪 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]