从“洋盗例”到“海盗罪”——固有法制及其近代转型之镜鉴  

From “Li of Foreign Piracy” to “Crime of Piracy”——The Mirror of the Inherent Legal System and Its Modern Transformation

作　　者：谢晶[1] Xie Jing

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学法学院

出　　处：《法商研究》2022年第6期183-196,共14页Studies in Law and Business

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队支持计划(21CXTD10);中国政法大学钱端升杰出学者支持计划;国家社会科学基金重大项目(17Z DA146)。

摘　　要：我国历史上有治理海盗的丰富经验,并集中体现在《大清律例》的诸条洋盗例中,可对当代相关立法和实践提供镜鉴。清律洋盗例体现出至重、详密的特色,“江洋大盗”立斩枭示,非“大盗”者则分“得财”与“未得财”,未得财者再分首、从犯与伤人、未伤人,得财者分“法所难宥”与“情有可原”,“情有可原”又分是否实行上盗分别议处,并通常动用水师兵甲而非普通的缉盗差役抓捕洋盗。在法制近代化以后的历部以移植外来法为主的刑律/刑法中,这些固有法制的因素被难得地不同程度地保留了下来,并与外来因素融合为新的规则。我国现行刑法未有专门的海盗罪,从历史经验和现实条件看,解决海盗问题的最佳方案并非增设新罪名,而是将其作为一种酌定从重情节,并在程序方面保障抓获、惩治海盗的成功率。The history of China has a wealth of experience in the management of piracy and concentrated in The Qing Code of the various Li of Foreign Piracy, which can provide a reference for contemporary legislation and the practice. The Qing Code and practice of Foreign Piracy reflects the most important and detailed features, The “infamous pirates” were immediately beheaded and hung in public. Those who are not “infamous pirates” are divided into those who have “acquired property” and “not acquired property”. And those who have not acquired property were further divided into principals, accomplices, and those who injured or did not injure people. Those who have acquired property were divided into “unforgivable by law” and “extenuating circumstances”. Extenuating circumstances further distinguish whether the piracy was committed, discussing and punishing pirates separately. The navy was usually used to catch foreign pirates instead of ordinary anti-piracy officers. These elements of the inherent legal system have been preserved to varying degrees and have interacted with foreign elements to create new rules in the criminal law that mainly transplanted foreign laws since the modernization of the legal system. China’s current criminal law does not have a specific crime of piracy, from historical experience and realistic conditions, the best solution to the problem of piracy is not to create a new crime, but as a discretionary circumstance of severe sentencing, and procedural aspects to ensure the success rate of catching and punishing pirates.

关 键 词：洋盗例 海盗罪 大清律例 法制近代化 西法东渐 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K207[历史地理—历史学]