边缘效应对湿地中鸟类的影响机制研究进展  

Progress on the Impact Mechanism of Edge Effect on Birds in Wetlands

作　　者：李祎可 王强[2] 李星醇 周学红[1] LI Yike;WANG Qiang;LI Xingchun;ZHOU Xuehong(College of Wildlife and Protected Area,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,Heilongjiang,P.R.China;Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun 130102,Jilin,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]东北林业大学野生动物与自然保护地学院,黑龙江哈尔滨150040 [2]中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,吉林长春130102

出　　处：《湿地科学》2022年第5期613-621,共9页Wetland Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31971544);中国生物多样性监测网络(Sino BON)鸟类多样性监测专项网项目资助。

摘　　要：湿地中的鸟类是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,也是湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指示类群。目前,湿地中鸟类生境破碎化日益严重,边缘效应对鸟类的影响愈发强烈。从边缘效应的概念出发,探究了边缘效应的影响因素;从鸟类觅食策略、繁殖策略和运动的角度,论述了边缘效应对湿地中鸟类的影响。研究结果表明,边缘效应主要从鸟类的食物资源和生境类型以及人类活动干扰三方面影响湿地中的鸟类。首先,边缘效应会增加湿地中鸟类的食物资源,并且促进不同营养级生物之间的营养交流,同时也可能导致重金属和营养元素等污染鸟类的食物和在鸟类体内富集,从而对湿地中的鸟类造成伤害;其次,边缘效应使得湿地生态系统内部结构更加复杂,其在为湿地中鸟类的筑巢和隐蔽等提供了更多选择的同时,也会对环境专一的鸟类造成严重的威胁;最后,人类活动干扰可能使湿地中的鸟类产生一定的行为适应,使其具有在复杂环境中生存的能力,同时可能会对湿地中鸟类的运动行为造成威胁,影响其觅食、繁殖和运动。因此,为了更加科学的管理和保护湿地中的鸟类,缓解边缘效应对湿地中鸟类的负面效应,建议在城市湿地公园中建立为鸟类迁徙提供营养补充的食物基站;对退化湿地进行生态恢复,为湿地中的鸟类提供多样化的栖息地,对鸟类自然栖息地中的水位和植物密度等进行调控,改善鸟类生境的适宜程度。Birds in wetlands are important taxa in wetland ecosystems and an important indicator of wetland ecosystem health. With the increasingly severe habitat fragmentation today, the edge effect has an increasingly strong impact on birds in wetlands. Starting from the concept of edge effect, this paper probed into the influencing factors of edge effect;The influence of edge effect on birds in wetland was discussed from the perspective of birds’ foraging strategy, breeding strategy and movement. The results showed that the edge effect affected birds in wetlands mainly through three aspects: food resources, habitat types and human disturbance. First, edge effect would increase food resources and promote the nutrient exchange between different trophic levels. At the same time, it might also lead to the enrichment of contaminated food and organisms such as heavy metals and nutrient elements, and cause harm to the health of birds in wetlands.Besides, the edge effect made the internal conditions of the ecosystem more complex, provided more choices for nesting and concealment of birds in wetlands, but probably posed a serious threat to some birds that survive in a specific environment. Finally, human disturbance might make birds in wetlands produce certain behavioral adaptations, enabling them to develop the ability to survive in complex environments, but it might threaten the motor behavior of birds in wetlands, affecting their foraging, reproduction and movement.Therefore, in order to manage and protect birds in wetlands more scientifically and mitigate the negative effects of edge effects on birds in wetlands, it is recommended to establish food base stations in urban wetland parks to provide nutrition supplement for birds migration;Ecological restoration of degraded wetlands to provide diverse habitats for birds in wetlands;Regulate the water level and plant density in the natural habitat of birds to improve the suitability of bird habitat.

关 键 词：鸟类 栖息地 边缘效应 觅食策略 繁殖策略 运动 

分 类 号：Q959.7[生物学—动物学]