菲利普·赫克的法律漏洞填补论与法律(诫命)更正论  

Philipp Heck’s Theories of Legal Loophole Filling and Correction of Law(Imperative)

作　　者：舒国滢 SHU Guoying

机构地区：[1]2011计划司法文明协同创新中心 [2]中国政法大学

出　　处：《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》2022年第6期14-28,共15页Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)

摘　　要：现代法学知识受到了科学主义思想的影响,其试图建构法(权利)概念的“公理的”“封闭的”“无漏洞的”体系,以实现“法律公理体系之梦”。但20世纪初,民法学界内部的法学家业已注意到,即使按照自诩为“无漏洞的”学说汇纂学体系编纂而成的《德国民法典》也不是完美无缺的,其中甚至还存在着不同种类的漏洞。菲利普·赫克在创建其“利益法学”时也是从认识和发现“(实在)法的漏洞”这一点开始的。他以(施陶布)“积极违约”作为“漏洞填补”的例子,明确地区分了“制定法的漏洞”和“法的漏洞”,前者是指制定法(诫命)缺乏明文规定的情形,后者是指习惯法缺乏的情形。基于此,他试图为法官填补制定法的漏洞发展出(与自由法学不同的)一个精确的方法规则。此外,他还将“法律漏洞”与“诫命错误”问题进行比较,提出了宝贵的“诫命更正”或“制定法诫命的更改”学说。这些学说至今仍散发着诱人的理论光芒,在司法实践中具有尚可借鉴的应用价值。Under the influence of scientific thinking, modern legal knowledge tried to construct an axiomatical, closed and seamless system of definition of law(right), so as to achieve “the dream of the system of legal axioms”. However, at the beginning of 20th century, the jurists in the civil law circle had noticed that, even the German Civil Code, which was codified under the so-called “seamless” system of theoretical compilation, was not perfect, and therein existed different kinds of loopholes. Philipp Heck established his Jurisprudence of Interests also from the point of recognition and discovery of the loopholes of positive law. He took the Staub’s case of positive breach of contract as the example of “loophole filling”, and clearly differentiated “the loophole of statute” from “the loophole of law”, where the former referred to the situation that statutory law(imperative) lacks specific regulation, while the latter referred to the situation that common law lacks. Therefore, he tried to develop an exact method rule(different from Freirechtslehre) for judges to fill the loopholes of statutes. In addition, he compared questions of “legal loophole” with “imperative mistake”, and came up with the precious jurisprudence of “imperative correction” or “imperative alteration of statute”. These jurisprudences so far are still shining the attractive theory radiance, with the application value of reference in judicial practices.

关 键 词：利益法学 法律漏洞 法律更正 自由法学 法学方法论 

分 类 号：DF0-059[政治法律—法学理论]