氨氧化菌及其在中国池塘养殖水质调控过程中的应用  

Ammonia-oxidizing Microorganisms and Their Application in Water Quality Control of Pond Aquaculture in China

作　　者：陆诗敏[1,2] 李雅媛 刘翀 刘兴国[1,2] 鲍旭腾 田昌凤[1,2] 顾兆俊 周亮[1,2] 吴凡 LU Shimin;LI Yayuan;LIU Chong;LIU Xingguo;BAO Xuteng;TIAN Changfeng;GU Zhaojun;ZHOU Liang;WU Fan(Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Shanghai 200092;Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Shanghai 200092;College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306)

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院渔业机械仪器研究所,上海200092 [2]农业农村部水产养殖设施工程重点实验室,上海200092 [3]上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,上海201306

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2022年第33期145-151,共7页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系资助项目“国家大宗淡水鱼产业技术体系”(CARS-45);中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费资助项目“节地实用型淡水池塘尾水处理关键技术研发与系统集成”(2022XT0502);国家重点研发计划资助项目“典型养殖系统对自然水域生态系统的影响机理”(No.2018YFD0900701)。

摘　　要：氨氮是池塘养殖尾水治理过程中需着重考虑的一种污染物,池塘养殖环境氨氮氧化去除主要依赖氨氧化细菌、氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化菌。本研究介绍了在自然界中已发现的几种氨氧化菌的氮素代谢机理,并结合池塘生态系统特征,着重从温度、pH、溶解氧、附着基质和光照角度,阐释氨氧化菌对池塘养殖水体的生态调控机制。基于氨氧化菌附着生活习性,现已研发出多种异位池塘养殖水质净化技术,在一定程度上,这些技术能发挥净水效果,但普遍存在占地面积大,造价高、效率低等问题。目前,中国池塘养殖水体处理领域,在氨氧化微生物菌剂和高效微生物反应器应用及研发方面比较薄弱。建议未来强化池塘低温高效氨氧化菌株筛选和富集培养研究,促进结构紧凑型水处理微生物反应器研发,丰富淡水池塘养殖尾水氨氮去除手段。Ammonia is a pollutant that needs to be considered in the treatment of pond aquaculture discharge.The oxidation of ammonia in pond aquaculture mainly depends on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, ammoniaoxidizing archaea and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. This study briefly introduces the nitrogen metabolic mechanism of several ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms found in nature, and explains the ecological regulation mechanism of these microorganisms in pond aquaculture water from perspectives of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, attached substrate and light, in combination with the characteristics of pond aquaculture ecosystem. Based on attached growth habits of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, kinds of pond aquaculture water purification technologies have been developed, which play a role in water purification to a certain extent. However, there are common problems such as large floor area required, high cost and low efficiency. At present, the application and research of ammonia-oxidizing probiotics and high-efficiency microbial reactors in pond aquaculture water treatment in China are still relatively underdeveloped. It is suggested to strengthen the screening and enrichment of low-temperature and high-efficiency ammonia oxidation strains in the future, and to promote research on compact microbial reactors for water treatment, as well as to enrich the means of ammonia removal from freshwater pond aquaculture water.

关 键 词：氨氮 氨氧化细菌 氨氧化古菌 附着载体 光照 

分 类 号：S89[农业科学—特种经济动物饲养]