单边气候规制的国际政治经济学分析——以美欧为例论绿色霸权的构建  

The International Political Economy of Unilateral Climate Regulation: Taking the US and the EU as Examples for the Fostering of Green Hegemony

作　　者：周亚敏[1] Zhou Yamin(National Institute of International Strategy,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院亚太与全球战略研究院,北京100007

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2022年第12期52-84,158,159,共35页World Economics and Politics

摘　　要：全球气候变化是世界各国面临的共同威胁,但基于“共同但有区别的责任”原则的集体行动绩效不佳。不同于国际政治理论所预测的国家间通过相互合作来应对共同威胁,单个国家或地区往往会主动采取国内单边气候规制;也不同于国际经济理论所预测的在公共产品不足情形下将出现搭便车行为,率先实施国内单边气候规制的国家往往会激励其他国家跟随并采纳高水平高标准的气候规制措施。作者借用国际政治经济学中的结构性权力分析框架解释不断涌现的、镶嵌在全球多边气候治理框架下的各类单边气候规制,研究发现:国内单边气候规制有助于从能源供给安全、低碳生产结构、绿色金融体系和低碳技术知识四方面产生绿色结构性权力。这种绿色结构性权力赋予一国推行跨境单边气候规制的能力,一旦国家层面的跨境单边气候规制得以成功实施,则意味着绿色霸权的生成。碳边境调节机制作为当前最具争议的绿色霸权工具之一,建立在绿色结构性权力和进口市场权力相互依托的基础之上,利用不同市场的碳价差异抽取“租金”,不仅意图实现绿色结构性权力的“变现”,而且将拉大发达国家与发展中国家的绿色实力差距。这是绿色结构性权力借由贸易渠道转化为绿色霸权的可能过程。发达国家率先发起的国内单边气候规制具有全球公共产品属性,但其跨境单边气候规制具有霸权属性,发展中国家必须在明晰这一逻辑的前提下制定应对策略,高度防范跨境单边气候规制成为守成国规锁崛起国的一种新的制度手段。Global climate change is a common threat to countries around the world;however, collective action based on the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities performs poorly. Unlike the prediction by international political theories that countries will deal with common threats through cooperation,countries or regions tend to actively adopt domestic unilateral climate regulation. Moreover,unlike the prediction by international economic theories that countries will take free ride due to the lack of public goods,countries that firstly implement domestic unilateral climate regulation tend to stimulate other countries to adopt unilateral regulation with high standards. This paper adopts the framework of structural power analysis in international political economy to explain the emerging of unilateral climate regulations embedded under the global multilateral climate governance framework. It finds that domestic unilateral climate regulation helps to generate green structural power from four aspects: energy supply security,low-carbon production structure,green financial system and lowcarbon technology knowledge. The green structural power enables the country to implement the cross-border unilateral climate regulation. Once the cross-border unilateral climate regulation dominated by a country ’ s government is implemented, it means the generation of green hegemony. This paper mainly discusses the process of transforming green structural power into green hegemony through trade channels. As one of the most controversial green hegemony tools, carbon border adjustment mechanism( CBAM),which is based on both of the green structural power and import market power,extracts “rents ” from different carbon markets. CBAM not only liquidates the green structural power,but also widens the green strength gap between developed and developing countries. The domestic unilateral climate regulation initiated by developed countries has the attribute of global public goods, but the cross-border unilateral climate regulation has

关 键 词：单边气候规制 绿色结构性权力 贸易渠道 市场权力 绿色霸权 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]