上山文化:长江下游的稻作社会与农业文明  

Shangshan Culture:Society based on Rice Cultivition and Source of Agricultural Civilization in the Lower Yangtze River

作　　者：孙瀚龙 SUN Hanlong(Zhejiang Institute of Cu ltural Relics and Archaeology,Hangzhou Zhejiang 310012,China;University of the Chinese Academy of Social Sc iences,Beijing 100102,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江省文物考古研究所,浙江杭州310012 [2]中国社会科学院大学,北京100102

出　　处：《自然与文化遗产研究》2022年第6期34-43,共10页Study on Natural and Cultural Heritage

摘　　要：位于钱塘江流域的上山文化处于旧石器时代向新石器时代过渡的关键阶段,年代最早距今约10000年。上山文化是目前世界最早的稻作农业起源地,21处遗址集中分布在以金衢盆地为中心的浙江中南部地区。作为一个有机整体,空间分布广、遗址数量多,文化特征与风格表现出一致性,遗址群内普遍发现与水稻栽培、加工、利用相关的系列证据,炭化稻米、小穗轴和植硅体遗存共同表明上山文化发现的水稻已经具备明显的驯化特征。磨盘、磨石作为研磨脱壳工具数量较多,石片石器作为收割工具也大量存在,陶器胎土羼合料频繁使用稻壳、稻秆等显示了对水稻的综合认知和利用。上山文化几处重点遗址都发现了比较成熟的农业定居形态,环壕结构清楚、聚落空间规划有序。规模较大的房屋、随葬较多器物的墓葬、集中分布的器物坑和红烧土仪式广场,还有石器加工制造场所都表明居住空间集合了多重功能和用途。以上山文化为起点的稻作农业社会在后续的跨湖桥文化、河姆渡-马家浜文化、崧泽文化得到继承与发展,并在良渚文化时期达到顶峰,稻作农业对良渚文明和中国南方文明产生了深远影响,并在与中国北方的互动交流中参与了整个史前中国的形成过程。从世界性范围来看,水稻的驯化以及稻作的传播,对东亚、东南亚和太平洋岛屿地区的农业化进程和文明化进程具有革命性意义。水稻起源的价值和贡献不言而喻,而目前在《世界遗产名录》中尚未提名稻作农业起源的项目,作为最早稻作农业起源地的上山文化恰好能填补这一空白。Located in Qiantang River basin,Shangshan Culture represents the earliest origin of rice domestication and cultivation in the world which is significant in the transition from the Late Paleolithic to the Early Neolithic dating back to 10,000 BP.There are 21 archaeological sites scattered in and around the Jinqu Basin in the middle and southern Zhejiang Province.As a holistic cultural and social community,Shangshan Culture is distributed in an expansive region and shared some similarities in cultural traits.Series of evidence of rice cultivation and processing are frequently found in different sites,and the remains of charred rice,spikelet bases and phytoliths revealed the biological features of the unearthed rice are obviously domesticated.We can also find numerous mortars and millstones that served as rice husking tools and the massive stone flake artifacts functioning as rice harvesting tools.Rice husks and straws are usually mixed with pottery clay which shows comprehensive understanding and utilization of the properties of rice.Several typical sites embody advanced level of settlement pattern with circular trenches around the ordered and organized living spaces.The multiple facilities such as big houses,graves with funerary objects,pits with ritual offerings,public square laid with burnt earth brick and lithics workshop collectively demonstrate multiple and diverse functions of the settlement.Starting from Shangshan Culture,the agricultural society relying on rice planting and consumption continued to develop in Kuahuqiao Culture,Hemudu Culture,Majiabang Culture and Songze Culture,and finally reached the peak in Liangzhu Culture.The rice economy has a deep influence on the formation of Liangzhu civilization and the entire ancient southeast China,and plays an important role in the communication with northern China and contributes to the merging of prehistoric China.From a worldwide view,the domestication of rice and the spreading of rice agriculture stimulated the farming process and civilization progress in E

关 键 词：上山文化 稻作起源 农业文明 世界遗产 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] G122[历史地理—历史学]