职业书写的“去性别化”与“再性别化”:民国时期的中文打字机与女打字员  

“Desexualization” and “Resexualization” of Clerical Writing:Chinese Typewriter and Female Typist in the Republic of China Period

作　　者：吴璟薇[1] 毛万熙[1] 张金牛 WU Jing-wei;MAO Wan-xi;ZHANG Jin-niu(School of Journalsm and Communication,Tsinghua Unirersity,Beijing 100084,China;Schoo of History,University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Bejing 102488,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学新闻与传播学院,北京100084 [2]中国社会科学院大学历史学院,北京102488

出　　处：《妇女研究论丛》2022年第6期67-83,共17页Journal of Chinese Women＇s Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“马克思主义媒介技术观研究”(项目编号:21YJC860022);清华大学自主科研项目“数字媒介技术视域下的新闻理论与实践探索”(项目编号:2019THZWJC57);国家留学基金的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：作为西方技术史和媒介史研究焦点的机械打字机深度参与了20世纪之交西方女性的社会角色变迁,引发西文职业书写技艺的“去性别化”与“再性别化”过程,也造就了“女打字员”的经典形象。但是,当前对于女打字员的流行叙事主要基于“标准”的西文打字机,尚未考虑到技术语言与之迥异的中文打字机。本文借助文化技艺的理论视角,以媒介考古的分析方式追溯了民国时期中文打字机这一新生媒介与文书从业者之间的互动过程,细致比较了机械书写技艺在早期中西方职业书写领域的“去性别化”和“再性别化”过程,发现两者之间存在的种种差异与围绕中文打字机所形成的操作技艺和操作链息息相关。本文展现了作为一种“不显眼的知识技术”的打字机是如何参与性别角色变迁的,在通行的西方女打字员叙事模式之外提供了另一种媒介史版本,并重估了中国女性在媒介技术现代化进程中的贡献,揭示了中国在以西方为标准的现代技术世界中于性别和民族双重层面的挣扎求索。Typewriter, with a high profile in historical research on technology and media in western academia, played a vital part in changing women’s social roles in the West at the turn of the 20 th century. It triggered the “desexualization” and “resexualization” of clerical writing, making “female typist” the classic icon of modern times. However, the popular narratives about female typists have been based on western typewriter that has been regarded as the “standard model” of mechanical writing, without considering Chinese typewriter and its dissimilar technical language. This paper traces the interaction between the relatively newly emerged Chinese typewriter and female typists in the period of the Republic of China(1912-1949) from the theoretical perspective of cultural techniques. It compares the “desexualization” and “resexualization” of clerical writing in China after its introduction of the mechanical writing machine with that in the West. It finds that the differences between them were closely related to the techniques and chains of operation emerging around the typewriter. The way the typewriter acted, as “inconspicuous technologies of knowledge”,in changing gender roles, provides an alternative perspective of media history, which currently is focused on the western female typists. This alternatively reevaluates Chinese women’s contributions to the modernization of media technologies, and reveals their struggle in the modern technological world that followed western standards.

关 键 词：中文打字机 女打字员 去性别化 再性别化 文化技艺 

分 类 号：D442.9[政治法律—政治学]