表致事“对”的句法语义条件及相关解释——兼谈语义引申的“跷跷板效应”  

Syntactic-semantic Explanations to the Causative Usage of the Preposition Dui:Also on the Seesaw Effect of Semantic Extension

作　　者：王恩旭 Wang Enxu

机构地区：[1]济南大学文学院,250022

出　　处：《汉语学报》2022年第4期25-37,共13页Chinese Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“汉语词的模板式释义方法及释义模板库建设研究”(编号:19BYY030)资助。

摘　　要：介词“对”有引出致事(causer)用法吗?从以往的研究来看,似乎没有。但从实际语料来看,当“对”出现在情感形容词谓语句时,情感形容词的特点决定了“对”引出的不是指向对象或对待对象,而是使役力量。这一点也可以通过宾语移位来证明。从语义上看,引出致事的“对”和引出指向或对待对象的“对”有共同点,即都有明确的目标对象。围绕目标对象,“对”在跷跷板效应的作用下发展出了三个义项:对(1)(引出指向对象)→对(2)(引出对待对象)→对(3)(引出致事)。研究表明,使役类词语的词义引申和跷跷板效应密切相关,其中有些效应发生在使役类词语内部,有些发生在使役—非使役词语之间。Can the preposition dui introduce a causer? The answer is “yes”. When dui is used in a sentence where an affective adjective acts as the predicate, the characteristics of affective adjectives determine what dui introduces is not a directed or treated object but a causer, which can be proved by the object movement of preposition dui. Semantically, there are some similarities between the usages of introducing a causer and a directed or treated object, that is, both of them have an explicit target object, which is the basis of the semantic extension of the preposition dui. On this basis, three meanings are extended through the Seesaw Effect one after another: dui1(to introduce a directed object) → dui2(to introduce a treated object) → dui3(to introduce a causer). Studies have shown that the semantic extension of causative words is closely related to the Seesaw Effect, some of which exist within the causative words, and some of which exist between the causative and non-causative words.

关 键 词：“对” 致事 情感形容词 语义引申 跷跷板效应 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]