孩子养育成本与福利补偿——基于家庭消费结构变化的视角  

Costs of Raising Children and Welfare Compensation: Based on the Perspective of Changes in Household Consumption Structure

作　　者：申萌[1] 马丽媛 郝宇彪[1] SHEN Meng;MA Liyuan;HAO Yubiao(School of Economics,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070,China)

机构地区：[1]首都经济贸易大学经济学院,北京100070

出　　处：《人口与经济》2022年第6期32-46,共15页Population & Economics

摘　　要：孩子养育成本会改变家庭的消费结构,降低家长的消费水平,从而影响生育意愿。基于福利补偿理论,利用2018年中国居民收入调查数据,从家庭消费结构变化的角度测算了孩子养育成本。研究发现,孩子年龄越小,养育成本反而越高,且食物和服装等生活支出占比增加越多。家庭养育第二个孩子的成本低于第一个孩子的成本。从成本构成来看,教育成本占比最高。进一步地,孩子养育成本存在显著异质性,在收入水平更低的家庭,养育成本占家庭总支出的比重更高,造成的生活压力更大。考虑到育儿补贴政策的普适性与可持续性,研究继续探讨了必要养育成本的构成,发现食物和教育支出对必要成本的贡献最大。从家庭规模层面看,一孩家庭在食物、服装和交通通信等生活项目上支出的必要成本较多;二孩家庭在教育上的支出相对更高。从城乡层面看,农村家庭食物支出中必要成本占比显著低于其他群组的家庭,住房支出在城镇家庭中占比较高,而流动人口家庭在各项支出上的必要成本占比均处于较高水平,面临较大的经济压力,尤其是在教育方面。流动人口家庭由于缺失基本福利,孩子养育成本普遍高于城镇家庭。为提高生育积极性,需要特别关注流动人口、低收入家庭的教育与食物支出问题。因此,在全面三孩政策背景下,可以从福利补偿视角更精准地识别家庭在各类消费项目上的成本,为完善育儿补贴政策提供新的视角。The cost of raising children will change the consumption structure of households and reduce the consumption level of parents, which can affect the willingness to have children. Based on the welfare compensation theory and using the 2018 household survey data, this paper measures the costs of raising children from the perspective of changes in household consumption structure. It finds that the younger the child is, the higher the cost of child rearing is instead, and the more the proportion of living expenses such as food and clothing increases. The cost of raising a second child is lower than the cost of raising a first child. In terms of cost composition, education costs account for the highest proportion and increase with the age of the child. Furthermore, there is significant heterogeneity in child costs, with households with lower income levels having a higher proportion of the total household expenditure and causing more stress in their lives. Considering the universality and sustainability of childcare subsidy policies, the paper continues to explore the composition of necessary parenting costs and finds that food and education expenditures contribute the most to necessary costs. At the household size level, one-child households spend more on necessary costs for living items such as food, clothing, and transportation and communication;two-child households spend relatively more on basic consumption for education. At the urban and rural levels, rural households spend a significantly lower proportion of necessary costs on food than households in other clusters;housing expenses account for a higher proportion of necessary costs for urban households, while migrant households spend a higher proportion of necessary costs on all expenses and face greater economic pressure, especially in education. Migrant households have higher costs than urban households due to their lack of basic benefits. To motivate fertility, special attention needs to be paid to education and food expenditures of migrant, low-income household

关 键 词：养育成本 消费效用 福利补偿 财政补贴 

分 类 号：C923[社会学—人口学]