理念、制度与权力——慈善法决策过程分析  

Idea, Institution and Power: An Analysis of the Decision-Making Process of Charity Law

作　　者：章高荣 赖伟军 ZHANG Gao-rong;LAI Wei-jun

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学政府管理学院 [2]深圳市社会科学院社会发展研究所

出　　处：《社会学评论》2022年第6期124-144,共21页Sociological Review of China

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“发挥第三次分配作用促进慈善事业健康发展研究”(21&ZD184)。

摘　　要：慈善法作为一部促进法,在公开募捐、管理费用等方面却又规制过严。现有的利益权力和理性选择等决策理论都无法解释这一现象。本文将理念视角的历史制度主义引入决策过程分析。该分析框架认为,制度通过理念影响行动者从而维系政策稳定,知识群体参与、学习和实践等机制则促使行动者形成新的理念,但政策变迁能否发生取决于行动者在被制度决定的权力结构中的位置。案例研究发现,现有国家社会关系及其治理模式塑造了立法行动者“管控”的初始理念。其中部分立法者通过实践、学习等过程形成了新的监管理念。然而,具有新理念的行动者基于权力结构中的位置,只能推动制度的渐进变迁。本研究表明:在理论上,理念视角的历史制度主义在扩展自身适用性的同时也丧失了部分解释力。对单个案例而言,何种理念能够胜出具有不确定性。在政策上,通过提供多元竞争机制和构建学习机制能够促进形成新的理念从而提高立法质量。As a law aimed at promoting the development of charity, the Charity Law is too strict in terms of public fundraising and overhead ratio. The existing Decision-Making Theories such as Interest/Power or Rational Choice cannot explain this contradiction. Therefore, this article introduces Historical Institutionalism from the perspective of ideas into the analysis of the decisionmaking process. From this perspective, the institution maintains policy stability by shaping the ideas of actors. Knowledge group participation as well as the learning and practicing mechanisms prompt actors to form new ideas. Whether new ideas can promote policy changes depends on the position of actors in the power structure that is shaped by the institutions. Through the analysis of the policy process of the Charity Law, it founds that the existing state-society relationship and its governance model have shaped the paradigm concept of“control”by legislative actors. Some legislators gain information sufficiency through learning to establish new ideas. However, due to the influence of public ideas and the structure of political authority, the actors with new ideas can only promote progressive institutional change. The study theoretically shows that historical institutionalism from an ideal perspective loses its explanatory power while expanding its applicability. There is uncertainty as to which idea will win out in a single case. In terms of policy, it means that new ideas can be effectively formed by providing multiple competition mechanisms and building learning mechanisms to provide legislative quality.

关 键 词：理念 历史制度主义 慈善法 公开募捐 管理费率 

分 类 号：D922.182.3[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]