论警察的正当防卫:职务行为说之提倡  

On the Police's Self-defense:Advocation of the Theory of Duty Behavior

作　　者：徐万龙 Xu Wanlong

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2022年第6期1-20,共20页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：警察的防卫行为如何定性,在理论中有刑法说、区分说、私人行为说、职务行为说四种见解。它们的分歧主要在以下三个问题,即“正当防卫条款是否为警察权的授权条款”“警察防卫行为的公私属性”“违法性判断的一致性和独立性”。辨析文献中的既有观点后可知,这三个问题的正确答案应是:正当防卫条款不是警察权的授权条款、警察防卫行为是公属性的国家行为、刑法和警察法在违法性的判断上应当一致。在上述四种见解中,唯有职务行为说与这三个答案相契合,故是警察正当防卫问题的正解。职务行为说也是正当防卫法理基础的当然结论:正当防卫制度旨在填补国家保护之不足,故只适用于作为被保护者的公民,而不适用于作为保护者的警察。在此之外,认真对待《人民警察法》中关于警察权的限制性规定,保障警察职务行为的组织性和纪律性,合乎我国立法者的意思,也是职务行为说应当被支持的理由。In theory,there are four opinions on how to characterize the police s defensive behavior:criminal law theory,distinction theory,private behavior theory and duty behavior theory.Their differences mainly lie in the following three aspects,namely,“whether the justifiable defense clause is the authorization clause of police power”,“the public and private nature of police defense behavior”,and“the consistency and independence of judging illegality”.After analyzing the existing viewpoints in the literature,the author gets the conclusion from these three questions:the self-defense clause is not within the authorization clause of the police power,the police defense behavior is a public state behavior,and the criminal law and the police law should be consistent in judging illegality.Among the above four opinions,only the theory of duty behavior fits these three answers,so it is the best solution to the problem of police justifiable defense.The theory of duty behavior is also the natural conclusion of the legal basis of justifiable defense:the system of justifiable defense aims to fill the deficiency of national protection,so it is only applicable to citizens who are protected,but not to police who are protectors.In addition,taking seriously the restrictive provisions on police power in the police law,ensuring the organization and discipline of police duty behavior and in line with the intention of our legislators are also the reasons why the theory of duty behavior should be supported.

关 键 词：警察的正当防卫 刑法说 区分说 私人行为说 职务行为说 正当防卫的法理基础 

分 类 号：D922.14[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]