历史-比较法视角下的第三人给付  

Payment by Third Party in Historical-comparative Perspective

作　　者： 邬演嘉(译) Sonja Meier;Wu Yanjia

机构地区：[1]科隆大学法学院 [2]华东政法大学

出　　处：《南大法学》2022年第6期134-154,共21页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：华东政法大学博士研究生海外访学项目及优秀博士学位论文培育项目“民法典编纂背景下的不当得利制度”(项目编号20191005)资助阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：第三人给付可发生何种效力,在比较法上存在争议。英国普通法主张,除非债务人同意,否则第三人给付原则上不发生清偿效力;罗马共同法却认为,第三人给付即使违反债务人意思也可发生清偿效力,由此产生的追偿问题,依无因管理解决。德国现行法继承罗马共同法遗志,以《德国民法典》第267条明定第三人给付的清偿效力,但倾向于用不当得利处理追偿问题。在法效果上,《德国民法典》267条未赋予给付的第三人代位追偿权,导致第三人在追偿时无法主张原债担保。从历史视角看,《德国民法典》立法者对第三人代位追偿权的限制,不一定有充分理据。在教义学构造上,如果认为清偿不一定导致债务消灭,一般性地赋予为给付的第三人代位追偿权并不存在理论障碍。据此应否允许代位追偿主要是价值判断。在比较法上,众多欧洲国家均认可债务人愿意协助时,为给付的第三人可主张原债担保。德国法目前关于第三人代位追偿权的限制是否正当,有待商榷。There is debate in comparative law on what legal effects may happen,when the debt is not paid by the debtor himself but a third party.The English common law holds that third party payments are principally ineffective without the debtor s consent.According to Roman common law tradition,however,a third party can release the debtor from his debt by paying to the creditor,even against the debtor s will.The regress issue is then addressed by negotiorum gestio.The German law,which inherits the tradition of the Roman common law,confirms in Article 267 of the German Civil Code that a third party can release the debtor from the debt by paying to the creditor,but tends to deal with the regress issue under the law of unjust enrichment.In German law,Article 267 of the German Civil Code doesn t grant right of subrogation to third party,which makes it impossible for third parties to claim securities of the original debt after payment.If we look at the issue of subrogation from a historical perspective,we will find it doubtful that the restriction of the third party s subrogation in German law is based on sound reasons.In terms of doctrinal structure,as long as we admit that the debts do not always cease to exist after discharge,there is no constructive obstacle to granting right of subrogation to every third party who has paid the debt.Therefore,whether subrogation should be allowed or not depends in fact on value judgment.Numerous European countries acknowledge that third party can claim securities of the original debt after payment,as long as the debtor is willing to cooperate.Taking this comparative law situation into consideration,it remains to be reviewed,whether the current restriction of third party s subrogation in German law is justified in terms of legal policy.

关 键 词：第三人给付 清偿 无因管理 不当得利 代位追偿权 

分 类 号：D951.6[政治法律—法学] DD913