气候刑法--一个未来的法律概念  

Climate Criminal Law-A Legal Concept of the Future

作　　者： 尼古拉·冯·马尔蒂茨 唐志威(译) Helmut Satzger;Nicolai von Maltitz;Tang Zhiwei

机构地区：[1]德国慕尼黑大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2022年第6期155-176,共22页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：通过《巴黎协定》,人类社会已经达成共识共同应对气候变化。这一共识也体现在德国与欧洲即将到来的法律上的气候中和状态上。由于任何未经抵偿的正排放都违背了气候中和状态,因此必须立即在气候中和状态生效后从根本上禁止未经抵偿的正排放。然而,如何借助法律手段,甚至是通过刑法手段来实现气候中和的目标,仍然充满争议。本文回应了在气候问题中适用刑法的核心反对理由,认为气候变化的归责难题与损害气候行为的社会效用都不是刑法在气候问题上置身事外的借口。在气候刑法的构建中,应将全球大气作为气候刑法的保护法益,将对大气造成负担作为构成要件行为,将提升平均温室气体浓度作为构成要件结果。在因果关系与结果归责的问题上,应排除“中立”行为并设置重大性门槛,以限制处罚范围。传统的公法调控机制无法实现气候中和目标。但是,作为国家制度化的抵偿机制,传统的公法调控机制仍然应当成为气候刑法的一部分。基于大气法益的全球性,还应解决内国气候刑法的适用原则问题。对此,可以将全球结果地作为气候犯罪适用属地原则的根据。在此,必须解决国家主权、气候正义之间的紧张关系。综上,刑法学研究与刑法可以而且应当在气候保护这一日益迫切的问题上发挥更加关键的作用。With the Paris Agreement,the human community has reached a consensus to fight climate change together.This consensus was enshrined in the forthcoming,but already legally agreed state of climate neutrality in Germany and Europe.Since every uncompensated positive emission contradicts the state of climate neutrality,this requires a fundamental ban on such uncompensated emissions as soon as the climate neutrality comes into effect.However,how the agreed climate neutrality can be achieved through legal means,even criminal law in a broad conception,remains controversial.This article responds to the core objections to the application of criminal law in the climate context.Neither the challenge of attributing concrete consequential damage of the climate itself to the climate-damaging behaviour of individuals,nor the social utility of climate-damaging behaviours is an excuse for criminal law to stay out of the climate issue.In the construction of climate criminal law,the global atmosphere should be considered as the legal protected interest(Rechtsgut)for the offence of climate criminal law,burdening the atmosphere as the criminal act,and raising the average greenhouse gas concentration as the pertinent violation.In terms of causation and imputation,neutral behaviour should be excluded and a materiality threshold should be set to limit the scope of punishment.The traditional mechanisms of public law seem unsuitable for enforcing climate neutrality on their own and would ultimately always reflect a(hidden)ban.However,they should certainly become part of a comprehensively conceived climate criminal law in the form of state-institutionalised compensation mechanisms.Based on the global nature of atmosphere as the legal protected interest(Rechtsgut),the question of the applicability of domestic climate criminal law should also be considered.In this regard,a truly global place of violation could be used as the basis for the application of the territorial principle to climate crimes,raising tensions between national sovereignty a

关 键 词：气候刑法 气候保护 大气法益 气候中和 刑法适用 国际刑法 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]