论《民法典》中的环境侵权主体——作为特殊侵权主体的“污染者”  

The Environmental-Tort-Entity in the Civil Code:on the “Polluter” as a Special Tort Entity

作　　者：林潇潇 LIN Xiaoxiao

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第11期46-56,共11页Jinan Journal(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“法典化视角下生态环境损害救济责任体系研究”(22CFX071)。

摘　　要：正确理解《侵权责任法》第六十五条中的“污染者”概念的规范内涵,是正确适用环境侵权法律规范的必要前提,对《民法典》编纂过程中恰当选择环境侵权行为及责任主体的立法表达方式具有重要意义。“污染者”是一类特殊侵权主体,征表了成立环境侵权所要求的行为人所具有的特定身份或状态。“污染者”应理解为法律概念中的法律“类型”,明确其构成要素可以提供确定其对应客体过程中需要加以衡量的准则。因此,宜将“污染者”理解为稳定从事特定职业行为的主体,以职业行为对致害因素或危险行为进行了支配与控制。在《民法典·侵权责任编》中,为了在扩张环境侵权事实的同时体现环境侵权行为、责任主体的特殊性,建议在保留“生态环境损害责任”中的“侵权人”表述的情况下,将其限缩解释为“生态环境危险行为运营人”。To understand the normative meaning of the “polluter”, stipulated by Article 65 of Tort Responsibility Act, is crucial for precisely interpreting and applying the legislations of environmental tort and correctly selecting the expression of the actor of environmental tort when compiling the Civil Code. “Polluter” should be understood as a special tort entity. Persons who possess special characteristics can only be judged as “polluters”. The concept of “polluter” is a kind of legal “pattern”, whose conceptual components needed to be evaluated when identifying the relevant objects. “Polluters” are entities who conduct occupational activities by which they control the dangerous substances or operate the dangerous activities. When applying the Civil Code, we should interpret the “tort feasor” as the “operator of environmental dangerous activities” rather than simply make a literal interpretation.

关 键 词：民法典 污染者 环境侵权 特殊侵权主体 法律类型 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]