分子遗传标记及芯片技术在地方牛群体遗传研究中的应用历程  

The History of Molecular Genetic Markers and Chip Technology in the Population Genetics Research of Local Cattle

作　　者：范寅[1] 毛丹 黄恩福 FAN Yin;MAO Dan;HUANG Enfu(Jiangxi Vocational College of Biotechnology,Nanchang Jiangxi 330200,China)

机构地区：[1]江西生物科技职业学院,江西南昌330200

出　　处：《现代畜牧科技》2022年第12期61-65,共5页Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology

基　　金：江西省牛羊产业体系(JXARS-13);江西省农牧渔业科研课题(江西广丰牛群体遗传学及分子保种策略研究)。

摘　　要：目前,全世界地方牛品种超过300个。中国具有丰富的地方黄牛种质资源,列入最新2021版农业部修订《国家级畜禽遗传资源品种名录》的有55种。部分地方牛长期处于小群体闭锁繁育,导致许多地方牛存在种群近交程度增加、遗传多样性下降、种质特性退化的风险。随着群体遗传学研究的发展,特别是分子遗传标记的普及和全基因组芯片的出现,近年各地利用现代基因组学技术,系统深入地开展地方牛群体遗传学分析,建立全新的分子辅助保种方案,实现科学保种,更好地保护地方牛的优质种质资源。该文对分子遗传标记及芯片技术在肉牛中的遗传研究中的应用进行阐述,介绍群体遗传学研究的目的及其重要性,因为遗传多样性是育种所必需的原材料,对基因组选择的实施具有实际意义。遗传多样性的损失与近交衰退所导致的风险(成长率、生育能力、繁殖力、后代生存力等因素的下降)密切相关,随后阐述牛群体遗传学的发展历程,从最初的分子标记到50K低密度芯片如何运用到地方牛保种工作中,对家系构建起到关键作用。At present,there are more than 300 local cattle breeds in the world.China is rich in local cattle germplasm resources.There are 55 species listed in the latest 2021 edition of the List of National Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources revised by the Ministry of Agriculture.However,some local cattle have been bred in small groups for a long time,which leads to the risk of increasing inbreeding degree,decreasing genetic diversity and degrading germplasm characteristics of many local cattle. With the development of population genetics research,especially the popularization of molecular genetic markers and the emergence of whole genome chips,in recent years,various regions have systematically and deeply carried out population genetic analysis of local cattle using modern genomics technology,established a new molecular assisted seed conservation program,realized scientific seed conservation, and thus better protected high-quality germplasm resources of local cattle,In this paper,the genetic research progress of molecular genetic markers in beef cattle was reviewed. This article describes the purpose and importance of population genetics research,as genetic diversity is an essential raw material for breeding and has practical implications for the implementation of genome selection.The loss of genetic diversity is closely related to the risk of inbreeding decline,such as decline in growth rate,fertility,fecundity,and offspring viability.The development of cattle population genetics,from the initial molecular marker to the application of 50K low-density chip in local cattle breeding conservation work,plays a key role in family formation.

关 键 词：地方牛 遗传多样性 分子遗传标记 全基因组芯片 

分 类 号：S823.3[农业科学—畜牧学]