区块链系统的存储可扩展性综述  

Survey of Storage Scalability in Blockchain Systems

作　　者：李贝[1] 吴昊[2] 贺小伟[1,2] 王宾[2] 徐尔刚 LI Bei;WU Hao;HE Xiaowei;WANG Bin;XU Ergang(Network and Data Center,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;School of Information Science&Technology,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学网络和数据中心,西安710127 [2]西北大学信息科学与技术学院,西安710127

出　　处：《计算机科学》2023年第1期318-333,共16页Computer Science

基　　金：国家重点研发项目(2019YFC1521101);陕西省教育厅2019年重点科学研究计划项目(19jx008);西安市科技计划项目(2020KJRC0117)。

摘　　要：区块链是在比特币的基础上发展起来的一种分布式数据库,凭借其去中心化、可溯源、不可篡改等特点引起了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。然而当区块链技术应用于实际的应用场景时,随着节点数量和数据量的急剧增长,出现了低吞吐率、难以扩展等问题。在实际的应用场景中,难以扩展问题抑制了区块链技术的真正落地。重点对区块链技术的存储可扩展性进行总结与展望。首先,介绍了区块链技术的基础知识和数据结构,分析了现阶段区块链技术所面临的存储可扩展性问题;其次,从第0层扩容方案、链上扩容方案和链下扩容方案3个技术层面阐述了不同扩容方案的原理、实现方法、研究现状以及优缺点;最后,分析了目前区块链扩容方案所存在的挑战,并为下一步区块链的研究工作提供了方向。Blockchain is a distributed database based on the Bitcoin platform.It has attracted widespread attention from academia and industry because of its characteristics of decentralization,traceability,and non-tamperability.However,with the rapid growth of the number of nodes and the amount of data,problems such as low throughput and difficult storage scalability appear.The problem of storage scalability of blockchain has become a bottleneck for blockchain applications.Therefore,this paper focuses on the summary and prospect of storage scalability of blockchain.Firstly,this paper introduces the basic knowledge and data structure of blockchain and analyzes the problems of storage scalability of blockchain at present.Secondly,this paper explains the principles,implementation methods,research progress,advantages,and disadvantages of the 0 th layer expansion scheme,the on-chain expansion scheme,and the off-chain expansion scheme.Finally,this paper analyzes the challenges in the current blockchain sto-rage scalability scheme and provides a direction for the next blockchain research work.

关 键 词：区块链 比特币 数据存储 扩容 存储优化 

分 类 号：TP311[自动化与计算机技术—计算机软件与理论]