无权代理人过错责任及其减免——《民法典》第171条第4款解释论  

Fault Liability of Unauthorized Agent and Its Reduction——On the Interpretation of Paragraph 4 in Article 171 of Civil Code

作　　者：纪海龙 Ji Hailong

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2023年第1期139-150,共12页Law Science

基　　金：2020年度国家社科基金重大项目“互联网交易制度与民事权利保护研究”(20&ZD192)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在《民法典》第171条第3款规定的风险责任外,无权代理人还可能承担过错侵权责任。此时的赔偿范围为消极利益,且不应以履行利益为限。《民法典》第171条第4款关于恶意相对人和无权代理人之间按照各自的过错承担责任的规定,属于与有过错规则的明文规定,在立法论上大体妥当。行为人或相对人对代理权欠缺的善意意味着其无过错,但恶意并不意味着一定存在过错。对于无权代理人或相对人是否存在过错,需要结合对代理权欠缺的恶意和对被代理人追认可能性的判断作出综合认定。在判断无权代理人的过错时,还须考虑其是否违反向相对人披露代理权欠缺的说明义务。关于无权代理人过错侵权情形下代理人和相对人的责任分担,应综合侵权法中与有过错和受害人故意的规定以及无权代理人和相对人在各种情形下的过错情况逐一进行判断。In addition to the risk liability under Article 171 para.3 of the Civil Code,the unauthorized agent may also assume tortuous liability for fault.The scope of compensation in case of the unauthorized agent’s tortuous liability is negative interest and shall not be limited to the positive interest.Article 171 para.4 of the Civil Code,which stipulates that the bad-faith counterparty and the unauthorized agent shall bear liabilities according to their respective fault,is a provision expressly acknowledging the application of the rules of contributory fault in case of the unauthorized agent’s tortuous liability.This provision is in principle appropriate de lege ferenda.The good faith of the agent or the counterparty in terms of lack of authorization means that she or he is not at fault,but the bad faith does not necessarily mean that there is fault.In determining whether the agent or counterparty is at fault,it is necessary to consider also the probability of ratification by the principal.Furthermore,in determining the fault of the unauthorized agent,it is also necessary to consider whether the agent violated the obligation of disclosing the lack of authorization to the counterparty.With regard to the allocation of liability between the unauthorized agent and the counterparty,the relevant rules regarding contributory fault and the victim’s intention in tort law shall be applied.

关 键 词：无权代理 无权代理人责任 与有过错 受害人故意 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]