美国环境管制中经济分析工具的政治化:以成本-效益分析的运用及其争论为中心  

The Politicization of Economic Analysis Instruments in American Environmental Regulation:Centered on the Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis and Its Debate

作　　者：刘向阳[1] LIU Xiang-yang(School of History and Culture,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050023,China)

机构地区：[1]河北师范大学历史文化学院,石家庄050023

出　　处：《安徽师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第1期82-95,共14页Journal of Anhui Normal University(Hum.&Soc.Sci.)

基　　金：河北省社会科学基金项目“20世纪后半期美国环境治理与煤炭行业的转型及其对我省的启示”(HB18SL003)。

摘　　要：20世纪70年代后期,美国环境管制中市场调节模式逐步兴起,以弥补传统命令—控制型环境管制的弊端。市场调节型的具体环境政策形式多样,千差万别,但背后都潜藏着成本—效益分析这一基本内核。成本—效益分析在嵌入环境管制的历史中,彼此相互促进,协同演化,已发展出一套成熟的理论体系和方法。不过,与生俱来的不确定性和主观预设使其存在理论逻辑难以完全自洽,科学计算中工具理性与价值理性失序,个体生命的货币价值与伦理价值的冲突等缺陷。它们诱发了环境政策领域围绕成本—效益分析的大量持久而又激烈的争论,其背后是市场手段与政治调控的缠绕交织。理论上的争论映射到美国环境管制的微观历史中,特别是布什政府有关臭氧标准和颗粒物标准的修改,呈现了以数据分析为中介关联的政治力量和经济势力的博弈,全面展示了经济分析工具的政治化,同时揭示了环境政治的深刻经济根源。二者在理论与实践中的博弈反衬出环境治理的复杂性和艰巨性。对此予以准确把握,可以更新我们对环境问题及其治理的认知。In the late 1970s,the market-based model in American environmental regulation gradually emerged to offset the disadvantages of the traditional command-control model.Although market-based environmental policies are multitudinous and multifarious,there is a hidden basic core of the cost-benefit analysis.Cost-benefit analysis has been embedded in the history of environmental regulation and has evolved in synergy with each other to develop a mature theoretical system and methodology.However,inherent uncertainty and subjectivity make it difficult to fully reconcile theoretical logic,the disorder between instrumental and value rationality in scientific calculations,and the conflict between the monetary and ethical value of individual lives,which induced vastly durable and drastic debates around the cost-benefit analysis in the environmental policies.The theoretical debates was mapped onto the micro-history of environmental regulation in the US,particularly the Bush Administration's changes to the ozone and particulate matter standards,presenting a game of political and economic forces mediated by data analysis,demonstrating the politicization of the tools of economic analysis across the board,while revealing the deep economic roots of environmental politics.This game between the two in theory and practice reflected the complexity and arduousness of environmental regulation.An accurate grasp of this can update our perception of environmental issues and their governance.

关 键 词：环境政治 成本—效益分析 命令—控制型 市场调节型 

分 类 号：F129[经济管理—世界经济]