不同灌溉量对新疆棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响  

Effects of different irrigation rates on cotton growth and yield formation in Xinjiang

作　　者：张慧 张凯 陈冰[1,2] 杨川 柳萍 ZHANG Hui;ZHANG Kai;CHEN Bing;YANG Chuan;LIU Ping(College of Grassland and Environmental Sciences,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,Xinjiang,China;Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes,Urumqi 830052,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052 [2]新疆土壤与植物生态过程重点实验室,新疆乌鲁木齐830052

出　　处：《干旱区研究》2022年第6期1976-1985,共10页Arid Zone Research

基　　金：新疆维吾尔自治区天山青年计划项目“新疆棉花水分诊断及调控技术研究”(2019Q076)。

摘　　要：研究了不同灌溉量对新疆棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响,旨在为新疆高产棉田水分高效利用提供理论依据。在膜下滴灌条件下开展大田试验,以正常灌溉量为对照(3071 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I100),设3个亏缺梯度,轻度亏缺(2686 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I85),中度亏缺(2421 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I75),重度亏缺(1955 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I60),在不同生育期测定了棉花株高、主茎节数、果枝数、结铃和脱落特征,在采收期测定了棉花产量构成,并计算了灌溉水利用效率。结果表明:(1)各亏缺灌溉处理比正常灌溉处理下棉花的蕾期、花期、盛铃期、吐絮期分别提前了1~2 d、2~4 d、3~8 d、4~11 d;(2)在进入铃期之前,棉花株高、主茎节间长度表现出随着灌溉量减少呈现先增加后降低的趋势,铃期之后均随着灌溉量的减少而降低;棉花在中部和下部冠层的结铃数和坐果数均随着灌水量的降低而减少,其中中部冠层的坐果数在不同灌溉处理间差异显著(P<0.05);(3)在采收期,I100处理的籽棉产量为6090 kg·hm^(-2),分别比亏缺灌溉处理高出7.4%~27.3%;灌溉水利用效率随着灌溉量的减少而提高,最高为2.27 kg·m-3。在综合考虑农业生产、水资源高效利用和生态环境等方面效益时,建议对新疆棉花进行适度亏缺灌溉,在保证较高作物产量的同时,提高灌溉水利用效率、节约水资源,实现社会经济和生态环境效益的最优化。To study the effects of different irrigation amounts on cotton growth and yield formation in Xinjiang to provide a theoretical basis for water-efficient utilization in high-yield cotton fields in Xinjiang.The field experiment was conducted under drip irrigation under the film.With the normal irrigation volume as the control(3071 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I100),three deficit gradients were established,including light deficit(2686 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I85),moderate deficit(2421 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I75),and severe deficit(1955 m^(3)·hm^(-2),I60).The plant height,the number of main stem nodes,the number of fruit branches,boll setting,and shedding characteristics of cotton were measured at different growth stages,the yield components of cotton were measured,and the irrigation water use efficiency was calculated during the harvest period.The results showed that:(1)the bud,flowering,full boll,and boll opening stages of cotton under deficit irrigation treatment were 1-2 days,2-4 days,3-8 days,and 4-11 days earlier than that under normal irrigation treatment;(2)Before entering the boll stage,the plant height and internode length of the main stem of cotton showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with decreased irrigation amount,and after the boll stage,both decreased with decreased irrigation amount;The number of bolls and fruit set in the middle and lower canopy of cotton decreased with decreased irrigation,and the number of fruit set in the middle canopy significantly differed among different irrigation treatments(P<0.05);(3)At the harvest stage,the seed cotton yield of I100 treatment was 6090 kg·hm^(-2),which was 7.4%-27.3%higher than that of deficit irrigation treatment;The efficiency of irrigation water use increases with decreasing irrigation amount,and the highest is 2.27 kg·m-3.To sum up,when considering the benefits of agricultural production,efficient utilization of water resources,and the ecological environment,it is recommended to perform moderate deficit irrigation for cotton in Xinjiang to improve the efficiency

关 键 词：棉花 亏缺灌溉 结铃特征 灌溉水利用效率 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学]