《周礼·大司乐》即《乐经》辨  

An Argument that Zhou Li Da Si Yue is Yue Jing

作　　者：王齐洲[1] Wang Qizhou

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学文学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2023年第1期178-191,共14页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：《大司乐》是独立流传的文本文献,战国初年的魏文侯乐工窦公保存了这个文本,其后人将它献给汉文帝,成为皇室秘阁藏书;景帝和武帝之际,刘德收得先秦旧书《周官》,未闻其中有《大司乐》;武帝时,司马迁撰《史记》引用《周官》,有《大司乐》内容;成帝至平帝间,刘向、刘歆父子整理校勘《周官经》,将其著录于《别录》和《七略》;平帝时,王莽将《周官经》改称《周礼》,将《大司乐》作为《乐经》立博士学官。刘氏父子整理本《周官经》是专书名,之前所有《周官》都是类目名。《大司乐》是孔子“乐教”教材,孔子逝后由子夏带到魏国,作为魏文侯推行礼乐教化的儒学典籍。由于《大司乐》本是周代乐官职文,属于“周官”类文献,故被刘氏父子整合进《周官经》中;又由于“礼“”乐”在周代礼乐制度环境下本来相辅相成,相须为用,解释《大司乐》的《乐记》被收进《礼记》中,成为解说礼乐关系的重要释经文献。因此,不能说《周礼》《礼记》只是“礼学”经典不是“乐学”经典,应该说它们是包含了“礼学”和“乐学”的儒学经典。理解了这一点,就能理解《周礼·大司乐》其实就是儒学《乐经》。Da Si Yue(大司乐)is an independent text document,which was preserved by a Wei Wenhou music official Dou Gong in the early waring states period.His descendants dedicated it to the Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and was collected in the private imperial pavilion.During the time of the Jing and Wu Emperors,Liu De collected an old book titled Zhou Guan(周官),which did not contain Da Si Yue.However,during the time of the Wu Emperor,Zhou Guan was cited in Shi Ji(史记)written by Si Ma Qian and contained Da Si Yue.Between the Cheng and Ping Emperors,Liu Xiang and Liu Xin revised Zhou Guan Jing(周官经)and included it in Bie Lu(别录)and Qi Lue(七略).During the reign of Emperor Ping,Wang Mang renamed Zhou Guan Jing as Zhou Li(周礼),and took Da Si Yue as Yue Jing(乐经)to establish an official education position.Liu Xiang and Liu Xin used the name of Zhou Guan Jing as the title of a monograph while Zhou Guan was used as a title of a category in a book.Da Si Yue was a textbook adopted by Confucius to deliver musical education.After the death of Confucius,his disciple Zi Xia brought it to the State of Wei as a Confucianist classic for Wei Wenhou to promote the education of rituals and music.Da Si Yue was originally the title of the musical education official in the Zhou Dynasty;therefore,it was included in Zhou Guan by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin.Additionally,in the Zhou Dynasty,rituals and music were interconnected and supported each other,hence,Yue Ji(乐记)which interpreted Da Si Yue was included in Li Ji and became an important document which illustrated the relationship between rituals and music.Therefore,it should not be said that Zhou Li(周礼)and Li Ji are only classical writings concerning the study of rituals,instead of the study of music.In fact,they were the Confucianist classics including both the studies of rituals and music.With this in mind,it can be understood that Zhou Li Da Si Yue is actually Yue Jing in Confucianism.

关 键 词：《乐经》 《大司乐》 《周官》(《周礼》) 类目 专书 

分 类 号：J609.2[艺术—音乐] K224.06[历史地理—历史学]