机采棉种植模式对植保机械化学脱叶作业效果的影响  

Effects of machine-harvested cotton planting pattern on the efficacy of chemical defoliant application of plant protection machine

作　　者：丁宸旸 吕新[1] 韩小强[1] 郝婷丽 麻向阳 刘世豪 田程程 刘尚昌 侯彤瑜 Ding Chenyang;Lyu Xin;Han Xiaoqiang;Hao Tingli;Ma Xiangyang;Liu Shihao;Tian Chengcheng;Liu Shangchang;Hou Tongyu(College of Agriculture,Shihezi University/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Shihezi 832003,China;Analysis and Testing Center,Shihezi University,Shihezi 832003,China)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院/新疆兵团绿洲生态农业国家重点实验室培育基地,石河子832003 [2]石河子大学分析测试中心,石河子832003

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2022年第20期1-8,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31960566,32160419);石河子大学3152优秀中青年骨干教师培养支持计划(ZG010303)。

摘　　要：种植模式优化是实现新疆棉花高产优质的重要途经,但其对机采棉化学脱叶环节农机农艺融合的影响还不明确。该研究开展了“矮密早”(1膜6行,66 cm+10 cm宽窄行,R6)、“宽早优”(1膜3行,76 cm等行距,R3)2种机采棉种植模式下多旋翼植保无人机和自走式喷杆喷雾机2种植保机械的化学脱叶田间试验,通过测定叶片尺度脱叶剂雾滴粒径分布和沉积参数,系统分析了不同种植模式和植保机械组合对棉花冠层脱叶剂雾滴沉积特性、行间地面雾滴损失以及最终脱叶效果的影响。结果表明无人机作业的雾滴粒径分布、覆盖率、沉积量及行间地面损失与喷雾机相比均有显著差异(P<0.01)。喷雾机和无人机作业的100~300μm粒径有效雾滴占比分别为2.60%和61.00%,无人机较喷雾机提高了58.40个百分点,雾滴粒径分布更均匀;雾滴覆盖率分别为42.05%和3.22%,喷雾机作业的雾滴覆盖率是无人机的13倍;沉积量分别为0.49和0.69μg/cm2,喷雾机作业的雾滴沉积量仅为无人机的71.00%,这是因为无人机喷雾具有高浓度、低容量的特点。喷雾机喷施后棉花冠层下部较冠层上部的雾滴覆盖率和沉积量相对降低17.99%和17.63%,无人机作业后冠层下部的雾滴覆盖率和沉积量较冠层上部相对降低35.45%和53.71%,说明无人机喷施的雾滴穿透性不足;喷雾机作业后行间地面雾滴沉积损失量为无人机的1.91倍。种植模式对雾滴沉积特性有显著影响(P<0.01),与“矮密早”相比,“宽早优”模式冠层下部雾滴覆盖度提高18.59个百分点(相对提高117.60%),变异系数降低43.73个百分点(相对降低43.83%);冠层下部雾滴沉积量提高0.33μg/cm2(相对提高125.60%),变异系数降低31.63个百分点(相对降低36.00%),提高了雾滴的穿透性和均匀性。无人机二次喷施作业后,脱叶率在90%~94%间,满足棉花机采作业要求。综上,采用无人机进行化学脱叶作业雾滴粒径分布合Planting pattern of cotton can be optimized for the higher yield,quality and efficiency production in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.However,it is still unclear about the effects of machine-harvested cotton planting pattern on the agricultural machinery and techniques in the spray application of chemical harvest-aid.In this study,a field experiment was carried out to clarify the effects,with two planting patterns of machine-harvested cotton,including the“aimizao”planting pattern(six lines per film with the wide-narrow row spacing,66+10 cm,R6),and the“kuanzaoyou”planting pattern(three lines per film with equal row spacing,76 cm,R3),as well as with two chemical defoliant spraying machines,including an agricultural drone sprayer(UAV),and a ground-based boom sprayer(MTZ).A representative canopy of four individual plants was selected in each pattern-sprayer combination.Some parameters were also measured for each leaf,including the volume diameter,coverage rate,and deposition amount of defoliant spray droplets.A systematic analysis was made on the effects of planting mode on the deposition and dissipation characteristics of defoliant droplets.An optimal defoliation efficiency of the cotton before the plants were determined ready for the mechanical harvesting.The results showed that there were significant differences between the UAV and MTZ in the volume diameter distribution,droplet coverage rate,deposition amount,and loss magnitude of the defoliant spray droplets(P<0.01).There was the more uniform distribution in the volume diameter of the droplet,when the defoliant was sprayed using UAV.2.60%proportion was found in the most effective droplet with the size between 100-300μm for the MTZ,which was improved by 58.40 percentage points to 61.00%for the UAV.The droplet coverage rates of UAV and MTZ were 3.22%and 42.05%,respectively.The coverage rate of MTZ was about 13 times higher than that of UAV.But,the droplet deposition amount of UAV and MTZ was 0.49 and 0.69μg/cm2,respectively.Among them,the depositi

关 键 词：植保机械 棉花 种植模式 雾滴沉积 化学脱叶 

分 类 号：S252[农业科学—农业机械化工程]